() - . : 1) , ; 2) ; 3) ; 4)
. (aggregate demand AD) (, , ) . :
, .. (consumption demand);
, .. I (investment demand);
, .. G (government spending);
, .. Xn (demand for net export).
:
AD = C + I + G + Xn.
. , , , , . , .. . , . , , .. . , , (. 3-1). ( AD) , .
( ), ( , , ..), .. , ( ), . (1) (Y1) (.), (2), (Y2) (.). . , . , ( ) , , - .
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, , .. . , , , , , .
AD :
( real money
balances effect) ( , .. , , ). (), , ():
real money balances = /
, , ( ), ( , .. ) . , .. , . : , ( ) , , , , ( ) , . :
à M/P à C à AD
(interest rate effect) . : , , . , , , ( ), .. . , , , , , , , , . :
à MD à R à I à AD
, .
, , ( ), , . , , , , . .
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( net export effect)
-. : , , . , . , , . :
à Im à Xn à AD
, , AD .
( ), .
, , . AD. , AD , , . , , :
- , :
(W- wealth). , ..
, . AD .
(Yd disposal income).
( AD ).
(expectations).
:
- (Yde- expected disposal income). , , ( AD ).
- (e - expected inflation). , , ( ),
(Tx taxes). ,
, , AD .
(Tr - transfers). ,
(.. ) . ,
(D debt). ,
, ( AD ).
(R interest rate).
, , .
(N number of consumers). ,
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.
, :
= (Yd, W, Yd e, e, Tx, Tr, D, R, N)
+ + + + - + - - +
- , :
(E - expectations). () , ,
( ), .. , .. . , - (animal spirit), . , . , . , , .
(R interest rate).
. , .. , , , AD . .
, , AD, , , AD. , (, , ). ( ).
(Y - yield). , , . , , ( inducedinvestment ).
(Tx taxes). () ,
. , , AD .
(Tr transfers). , ,
, .
(- technological progress).
AD .
(N excess).
, .
(0). , , . , .
:
I = I (E, R, Y, Tx, Tr, , N excess, 0)
+ - + - + + - -
- , :
, , ( , , ..) , .. .
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G =
( AD ), .
- , :
(Y world). , , , .
(Ydomestic). , ( ), , , . AD .
(e exchange rate).
( ) , .. , (, 1 = 2 ). ( , 1 = 3 ) , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . , .
, , AD, , (.. ), AD.
:
n = Xn (Y world, Y domestic, e)
+ - -
, AD, . , AD ( , , , V , , , ..):
MV=PY
M () , V (, , , ), P ( ), Y .
:
Y= (MV)/
, ( ) , AD.
, AD:
. ,
. AD . , ( , .. ), , , , , , . , , AD . . , , .
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. ,
. , , , .