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UNIT 1
UNIT 2
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Appendix 1
Appendix 2 to b
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
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UNIT 1
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
CONTROL WORK.
Variant 1
1. to be.
1. There a big parade today. 2. There two lamps in the room. 3.... there any new words presented at the last lesson? 4. It cold yesterday. 5. I glad to see you here now. 6. He not at home tomorrow. 7.... it dark in the street? 8. My friends not present at the last conference. 9. Who not here? 10. My friend an economist.
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2. , , Present, Past Future Continuous.
1. Look! Somebody (to climb) up the tree over there. 2. I am a teacher, but I (not to work) at the moment. I have a holiday. 3. What he (to read) now? 4. I met Kate when she (to cross) the street. 5. My kids (not to do) their homework when I came home from work yesterday. 6. What you (to write) when the bell rang? 7. Erick (to wait) for me outside the cinema at this time tomorrow. 8. Pamela (not to sleep) the whole night tomorrow, as she is going to take part in the night performance. 9. Can you hear those people? What they (to talk) about? 10. What you (to talk) about when I entered the room?
3. , , Present, Past Future Indefinite.
1. I usually (to watch) TV in the evening. 2. I have a car but I (not to use) it very often. 3. When you usually (to get up)? 4. My father (to work) as an engineer at a big plant. 5. How many cigarettes your brother (to smoke) a day? 6. What school you (to study) when you were a pupil? 7. Lola (not to attend) classes last week. 8. I (to go) abroad two years ago. 9. My friend (to spend) his holiday in the Crimea next summer. 10. I think Mary (not to buy) such an expensive thing next time.
4. , , Present, Past Future Perfect.
1. John already (to do) his homework and he is watching TV now. 2. I never (to be) to Moscow yet. 3. What films you (to see) this week? 4. The accident happened after the new bus driver (to drive) a few yards. 5. I didnt know Mirabel. I never (to meet) her. 6. Eugenie couldnt lend Greg her book because she (to lose) it. 7. By the end of this century the population (to grow) to three billion. 8. Mike (to receive) the letter by next Friday or not? 9. The bell (not to go) yet. 10. I (not to pay) the bill by the end of the week.
5. , , Present, Past Future Perfect Continuous.
1. I (to wait) for you for an hour already. 2. How long you (to read) this book? 3. She (to work) for this company for 3 years before she left the town. 4. They (to drive) for 2 hours before they reach the town. 5. She (to study) French since childhood. 6. I (to bake) a cake for an hour before they came. 7. Elvis ((to travel) for a week before he returns to London. 8. We (to live) in England for nearly 2 years now. 9. They (not/to study) for 5 months already. 10 How long he (to keep) these papers?
6. , .
1. The plane just (to land). 2. Robert usually (go) to work by bus. 3. Ben (to play) the guitar now. 4. I (to walk) along the street when I saw Jackie. 5. Terry (to read) a very interesting book yesterday. 6. What game the children (to play) when I saw them yesterday? 7. I think Paul (to pass) his exams successfully. 8. It always (to rain) at this time of the year. 9. It (to snow) at the moment? 10. Fred (to post) the letter before he left the town.
7. , , .
1. This sentence is (difficult) than the first one. 2. The cat is much (happy) in its new home. 3. This piece of homework is as (bad) as the previous one. 4. Winter in London is (foggy) than in Paris. 5. This was (large) power station I have ever seen. 6. He bought the toys at (near) shop. 7. Her illness was (serious) than we thought before. 8. Its becoming (hard) and (hard) to find a job. 9. As the day went, the weather got (bad). 10. Everest is (high) mountain in the world.
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8. , the more the less.
1. The warmer the weather, the better I feel. 2. The more I got to know him, the more I liked him. 3. The more goods you will sell, the more your profit will be. 4. The longer she waited, the more impatient she became. 5. The higher the prices, the better the goods. 6. The more tired you are, the harder it is to concentrate. 7. The sooner we leave, the sooner we will arrive. 8. The more expensive the hotel, the better the service.
9. , , (can-could-will be able to, may, must-have to-had to, should).
1. A man... help his parents when they become old. 2. Man... not live by bread alone. 3.... I smoke here? 4. You... not sit in your wet clothes. 5. I... run faster when I was younger. 6. I... to perform all the work alone because there was nobody who could help me. 7. In rush hours we... to spend a lot of time getting to the place we need. 8. I... to visit you as soon as I get free. 9.... I go to the cinema tonight? 10. You... go to the doctors if you have health problem.
CONTROL WORK.
Variant 2
1. to be.
1. There a lot of books in our library. 2. It late when I returned home yesterday. 3. He a handsome young man. 4. It rainy and sleety tomorrow. 5. I happy to meet you. 6. The day I got married the happiest day in my life. 7. you present at tomorrows meeting. I think, I . 8. What time it now? It 7 oclock. 9. They surprised to see me yesterday. 10. We not struck by his behaviour last time we saw him.
2. , , Present, Past Future Continuous.
1. Hello, Pat! Where you (to go)? 2. I (to read) a very interesting book now. 3. Nellie (to wait) for me outside the cinema now. 4. We (to watch) a new soap opera when the electricity went off. 5. What you (to do) when I met you yesterday? 6. My father (to repair) his car the whole day tomorrow. 7. What you (to do) at 5 p.m. next Sunday? 8. Where is Mary? She (to type) her daily report. 9. We (not/to drive) fast when the accident took place. 10. Look! The puppies (to sleep).
3. , , Present, Past Future Indefinite.
1. They always (to discuss) all their problems. 2. I (to drink) orange juice every morning. 3. What you (to read) before you go to bed? 4. They (to go) to the cinema last week. 5. Where he (to go) yesterday? 6. Mary (not/to write) a letter to her boy friend yesterday. 7. I think, she (see) me off at the station. 8. He (to ring) you up tomorrow? 9. I (not/to enjoy) pop music at all. 10. He (not/to tidy) his room on Saturday.
4. , , Present, Past Future Perfect.
1. I just (to finish) my work. 2. You (to read) this book yet? 3. He already (to sell) all his goods. 4. Sally (to do) her homework before she went for a walk. 5. Sue (to drive) home by midnight tomorrow. 6. How many pages he already (to write)? 7. I (not/to be) to Rome yet. 8. I didnt know Clare. I never (to see) her before. 9. The train (to start) when they arrived at the station. 10. Terry (to sew) her new dress by the end of this week.
5. , , Present, Past Future Perfect Continuous.
1. She (to play) poker since morning. 2. What you (to do) for 2 hours already? 3. John (to work) on this problem for a week when the delegation of foreign experts arrived at the institute. 4. How long you (to fish) here? Have you caught anything? 5. My mother (to grow) this sort of tomatoes for 5 years already. 6. I (to read) this book for a week before I return it to the library. 7. That strange man (to stand) at the corner since early morning. 8. How long this man (to wait) for you at the station before you met? 9. I (to study) English for 2 months before the following exam. 10. I (to shop) in the supermarket for half an hour when I lost my wallet.
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1. I (not/to see) Mike this week. 2. He always (drink) milk in the morning. 3. We (to return) home late at night yesterday. 4. John (to cross) the street when he saw a car. 5. I think you (to write) the letter by next Friday. 6. Jill (to do) all her house work yesterday. 7. What time you usually (to finish) your work? 8. Look! The kite (to fly) high up in the sky. 9. I (not/to enjoy) the party yesterday. 10. Why you (to smile) at me? Is it something wrong with me?
7. , , .
1. You looked depressed this morning but you look much (happy) now. 2. Since she has been in Britain, her English has got (good). 3. Im a bit late. I got here as (fast) as I could. 4. We stayed at (cheap) hotel in the town. 5. Thats (boring) film I have ever seen. 6. The hole in my pullover is getting (big) from day to day. 7. It is (valuable) picture in the gallery. 8. It was (bad) experience in my life. 9. As I waited for my interview, I became (nervous). 10. Im afraid the problem is much (complicated) than it seems.
8. , the more the less.
1. The younger you are, the easier it is to learn. 2. The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be. 3. The more I thought about the plan, the less I liked it. 4. The shorter the night, the longer the day. 5. The happier you are, the better it is for me. 6. The stronger the wind, the colder the weather. 7. The better you know the words, the more fluent your speech will be. 8. The more I walked around the town, the more people I got acquainted to.
9. , , (can-could-will be able to, may, must-have to-had to, should).
1. The doctor said, The child is very ill. He... be taken to the hospital at once. 2. Everybody... learn a foreign language. 3. You... not drive a car at night without lights on. 4. We... not live without food and water so we... eat and drink. 5. There are no buses or taxis here so we... to walk. 6.... I use your phone? 7. I... speak English a little when I was a child. 8. I... to call you when I am free. 9. I... to get up early yesterday as I had the important meeting. 10.... you tell me the way to Gorky square, please?
CONTROL WORK.
Variant 3
1. to be.
1. Ben my friend. Where he now? 2. I in my room now. 3. Tom and Sally your kids? Yes, they . 4. My cousin not at home the day before yesterday. 5. Our friends in Moscow last week. 6. Who present at tomorrows conference? 7. My father fond of sports when he was younger. 8. you interested in music? Yes, I . 9. Mary and I in the cinema long ago. 10. it cold or hot last summer in your region?
2. , , Present, Past Future Continuous.
1. Look! It (to rain) heavily. 2. The children (to play) football in the yard now. 3. Mike (to paint) the walls of his room when he heard a strange sound outside. 4. What is the matter? What (to go) on? 5. What you (to do) when the electricity went off? 6. They (not/to sleep) when I came into the room. 7. Carl (to wait) for you from 6 p.m. to 7 p.m. tomorrow. 8. I (to read) for my exam at the moment. 9. I (to stay) at home the whole next week. 10. What you (to talk) about, I wonder?
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3. , , Present, Past Future Indefinite.
1. I always (to get) up early on Sunday. 2. He (not/to do) his homework properly. 3. Terry (to dance) very well. 4. Shelly (to read) a new novel of this author yesterday. 5. Val (not/to know) what to do in these circumstances. 6. What time you usually (to have) breakfast? 7. What time he (to have) dinner yesterday? 8. I hope we (to meet) tomorrow. 9. You (to call) on me next Sunday? 10. What does he do? He (to work) as an engineer at a big plant.
4. , , Present, Past Future Perfect.
1. I already (to write) my composition. May I go out? 2. How many pages of this book you (to read)? 3. Mike just (receive) a letter. 4. We already (to tidy) all the rooms when the guests arrived. 5. I (to carry) out all my duties by the end of this year. 6. What you (to do) for your homework? 7. The students (to learn) all the words by the time their teacher came. 8. You ever (to be) to St. Petersburg? 9. We (not/to post) the letter before they arrived. 10. What (to happen)? Why is she crying?
5. , , Present, Past Future Perfect Continuous.
1. I (to study) at the institute for the nearest 5 years. 2. I (to write) this composition since morning. 3. How long you (to sit) for your exam already? 4. Richard (to play) tennis for two hours before he went to work. 5. He (to run) for more than an hour before he caught them. 6. Mary (to read) for an hour before she went to bed. 7. How long he (to gather) these mushrooms? 8. Nora (to work) for this company for nearly 2 years. 9. I (to write) my report since morning until I finish it. 10. He (to drive) for 4 hours before he reached the town.
6. , .
1. I believe my brother (to arrive) tomorrow morning. 2. He already (to leave) for Rome when I came to see him. 3. She (to work) from 8 till 4 every weekday. 4. When you (to come) home yesterday? 5. Where you (to be)? I am waiting for you. 6. Listen! Somebody (to play) Mozart. 7. By the end of this week Sue (to complete) her work. 8. My friends (to go) to Moscow last Sunday. 9. What you (to prefer) for the second course? 10. She (not/to find) this film worth watching.
7. , , .
1. Travelling is becoming (expensive) than it was some years ago. 2. My bags seemed to get (heavy) as I carried them. 3. I enjoyed our visit to the museum. It was (interesting) than I had expected. 4. Jack isnt as (old) as he looks. 5. She is (intelligent) student in the class. 6. It is one of (nice) rooms in the hotel. 7. As the conversation went on, she became (talkative) than before. 8. Your English is improving. It is getting (good) and (good). 9. Canada is (large) than the United States. 10. She is (good) player in the team.
8. , the more the less.
1. The less baggage you have to carry, the better. 2. The faster the train, the earlier we will arrive. 3. The more I thought about my departure, the more frightened I got. 4. The cheaper the hotel, the worse the service. 5. The more I speak to him, the less trouble I have. 6. The more I learn the words, the better I read. 7. The sunnier the day, the happier I feel. 8. The more you travel, the more interesting it is to speak to you.
9. , , (can-could-will be able to, may, must-have to-had to, should).
1. I... swim when I was only 3 years old. 2.... you tell me the way to Minin square, please? 3.... I switch on the light? 4. You... to work hard to master your English. 5. I cant visit you now but I... to visit you tomorrow. 6. You... not be late. 7. I... to go shopping. We have nothing delicious for dinner. 7. If you want to keep fit, you... do morning exercises every day. 8. Henry hasnt come. He... be very busy. 9.... you tell me the truth? 10. It... be interesting for him. He likes such kind of Art.
CONTROL WORK.
Variant 4
1. to be.
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1. What the weather like today? 2. you ready for the lesson yesterday? 3. I at home the whole evening tomorrow. 4. Where he when I came to your place yesterday? 5. My parents out of town today. 6. How your mother? 7. It not polite to be late. 8. Your summer plans rather interesting. 9. Paul glad to see you once again. 10. What subject your favourite?
2. , , Present, Past Future Continuous.
1. I see Mary. She (to cross) the road. 2. Why you (to talk) at the lesson, I wonder? 3. I (not/to work) now. I have a terrible headache. 4. I (to walk) along Red Square when I saw Jackie. 5. They (to sit) in the yard when they heard the bell. 6. What you (to discuss) the moment I entered the room? 7. Look! Somebody (to make) notes in the book. 8. He (to wait) for your call at 5 p.m. next Sunday. 9. What he (to work) on when I return tomorrow? 10. Listen! The Beatles (to sing) over the radio.
3. , , Present, Past Future Indefinite.
1. I usually (to go) to work by bus. 2. You (to wait) for me tomorrow outside the academy? 3. He always (to spend) his vacation at the seaside. 4. What your mother (to do)? She is an economist. 5. We (to go) to the theatre last Sunday. 6. They (not/to learn) that poem by heart. 7. How you usually (to get) to work? 8. You (to invite) a lot of guests to your last birthday party? Certainly, I did. 9. When he (to have) dinner last? 10. I think he (not/to pass) his entrance exam. He is not working hard.
4. , , Present, Past Future Perfect.
1. You ever (visit) London? 2. He never (to be) to Kiev. 3. Mike (to put) all his things in order before he went out. 4. Dont call on me tomorrow. I (to leave) by noon. 5. Sally already (to look) through all the letters yet when I came back. 6. Where he (to hide)? I am looking for him everywhere? 7. The film (to start) before we arrived at the cinema. 8. How much of this work you (to complete) by the end of next week? 9. Why is he crying? He (to hurt) himself? 10. Sue (not/to do) her homework yet.
5. , , Present, Past Future Perfect Continuous.
1. She (to work) for this company since last year. 2. I (to listen) to music for half an hour already. 3. How long you (smoke)? 4. Victor (to study) for 3 hours before he went to the park. 5. Jill and John (to redecorate) their house since last week. 6. I (to sit) for the exam for quite a time until I pass it successfully. 7. What are they doing here? They (to shout) for an hour. 8. How long he (to write) his composition already? 9. They (to walk) for 2 days before they reach the monastery. 10. What you (to read) since morning?
6. , .
1. Terry (to look) for a new flat now. 2. I always (wait) for Julia after classes. 3. What book you (to prefer) reading? 4. Val (to reach) the town by 5 oclock in the evening? 5. Nat (to solve) all her problems before her husband came home. 6. She (to bake) a cake the whole morning yesterday. 7. Jack (not/to miss) any classes this week. 8. I (to meet) John last Saturday. 9. When you (to see) Clare last? 10. I (to wait) for Sally at the bus stop at 6 p.m. tomorrow.
7. , , .
1. Jack isnt as (old) as he looks. 2. You spend (much) money than me. 3. We stayed at (cheap) hotel in the town. 4. It was one of (enjoyable) holidays weve ever had. 5. In my opinion, this chair is (comfortable) than that one. 6. Which day was (happy) day of your life? 7. Yesterday the weather was (hot) than today. 8. That hole in your pullover is getting (big). 9. The prices are (cheap) here than anywhere else. 10. - Is your headache better? - No, its (bad) than before.
8. , the more the less.
1. The more goods you sell, the more profit you make. 2. The longer I waited, the more impatient I became. 3. The more tired you are, the more difficult it is for you to concentrate your attention. 4. The more you read, the more you know. 5. The less you eat fat food, the healthier you are. 6. The more you walk, the easier for you to keep fit. 7. The richer he gets, the more friends he has. 8. The more popular he became, the less time he spent with us.
9. , , (can-could-will be able to, may, must-have to-had to, should).
1. Pupils... come to school in time. 2. The child can talk now, but two years ago he... speak only a few words. 3.... you tell me the way to the post office, please? 4. I... to study hard yesterday as I had a difficult exam. 5. People... not cross the street when the light is red. 6. I cant come now but I think, I... to come in an hour. 7. I... to go to work though I didnt want to. 8. You... go to the dentist if you have any problem with your teeth. 9. Take your umbrella with you. It... rain. 10.... I have another cup of tea?
CONTROL WORK.
Variant 5
1. to be.
1 it cold yesterday? 2. What subject your favourite when you studied at school? 3. Who your best friend? 4. I hardworking and sociable. 5. you ready for the lesson or not? 6. It dark when we returned home yesterday. 7. you at home tomorrow? 8. Where my pen, I wonder? 9. They not polite to each other when they met yesterday. 10. New districts in our city beautiful.
2. , , Present, Past Future Continuous.
1. They (to watch) a telly now. 2. You (to cry) when I saw you yesterday? 3. I (to bake) a plum cake at the moment. 4. Look! Such a funny situational comedy (to go) on TV. 5. I (to correct) the pupils mistakes from 1 p.m. till 3 p.m. tomorrow. 6. When I first saw Eugenie she (to play) tennis. 7. Hi! Where you (to hurry) to? 8. What song you (to sing) when I entered the hall? 9. I (not/to sleep) the whole night as I had a terrible headache. 10. Santana (to make) her report now?
3. , , Present, Past Future Indefinite.
1. I usually (to grow) a lot of fruit and vegetables in our garden. 2. He always (to read) at breakfast. 3. What time you (to come) home after work? 4. I think we (to spend) our next holidays at the seaside. 5. He hopes he (not/to come) late tomorrow. 6. What you (to do) if you meet a stranger? 7. He (to drive) to work yesterday. 8. My friend (not/to meet) me at the station yesterday as she was too busy. 9. What films you (to see) last week? 10. How many cups of strong coffee a day he usually (to drink)?
4. , , Present, Past Future Perfect.
1. What you (to do) with my book. It is torn and dirty. 2. I (to be) to England twice this year. 3. He (not/to read) this letter yet. 4. He (not/to have) breakfast before he left. 5. Ann (to write) the novel by the end of this week. 6. After she (to correct) all the papers she turned on the TV. 7. He (to fill) in all the gaps in his test paper before he handed it to the teacher. 8. Lucy just (to break) her favourite cup. 9. What you (to do) by the time I return from work? 10. The door is open. Who (to open) it, I wonder?
5. , , Present, Past Future Perfect Continuous.
1. She (to tidy) her flat since morning. 2. Nellie (to study) English thoroughly for 3 years before she went to England. 3. How long he already (to learn) this poem by heart? 4. Nancy (to teach) at school since she graduated from the college. 5. David (to correct) his mistakes for 2 hours before he left. 6. She (to wait) for her husband for a year but he hasnt come yet. 7. How long you (to watch) TV? 8. Stephen (to play) tennis since 7 p.m. 9. What magazine he (to read) since morning with such great interest? 10. We (to discuss) this matter for about an hour but havent come to an agreement yet.
6. , .
1. Ben never (to see) Mr. Benson nowadays. 2. Terry (to go) on holiday last week. 3. Where he (to fly) yesterday? 4. - Where is John? - He (to wait) for his girlfriend. 5. Corny (to return) the book by tomorrow. 6. Carl just (to write) a long letter. 7. You ever (to be) to Paris? 8. Peter (to have) dinner in the nearest cafe when I saw him yesterday. 9. Cecil (to work) for a big company before he moved to this town. 10. I hope I (to have) holidays soon.
7. , , .
1. My brother is much (young) than me. 2. The Opera House is one of (beautiful) buildings in the city. 3. The sound grew (faint) and (faint). 4. I have no one (near) than you. 5. Nicks English is as (fluent) as mine. 6. To my mind, this restaurant is much (good) than that over there. 7. In my opinion, this last work is (bad) than the previous one. 8. Nizhni Novgorod is one of (large) cities of Russia. 9. This is (good) film I have ever seen. 10. I received from the book (little) information than from my teacher.
8. , the more the less.
1. The more you read, the more you learn. 2. The better we know the grammar rules, the fewer mistakes we make. 3. The higher we climb the mountain, the colder is the air around us. 4. The more we study English, the better we understand it. 5. The longer the night lasts, the shorter the day is. 6. The better you learn the words, the sooner you will master your English. 7. The more we know about the nature, the more control we get over it. 8. The better we know this girl, the more we like her.
9. , , (can-could-will be able to, may, must-have to-had to, should, to be to, neednt).
1. - I have a headache. You go to the doctors. 2. I borrow your book, please? 3. Terry swim well when she was 5 years old. 4. Where the performance to take place? 5 You go shopping. We have all necessary things at home. 6. You smoke here. Its prohibited by the law. 7. We to walk there as our car was broken. 8. I to translate his letter myself next time. 9. They go to the park because they are busy. 10. you tell me the way to the post office, please?
UNIT 2
TEXTS FOR READING & TRANSLATION
CONTROL WORK
Variant 1
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The Names of the Months
The English names of the month are of Latin origin. The ruler of Rome, Julius Caesar, arranged the year in six month of 31 days and six of 30 days. The first month of the year in those days was March. December was the tenth, January the eleventh and February the twelfth. It was King Charles IX of France who, in January 1563, decided that the year should begin of January 1st. January was named after Janus, the god of Time and War, February after Februs, in honour of whom, in ancient Rome, a great festival Febra was celebrated. March was called after Mars, the god of War. April got its name from the Latin word aperire, which means to open. It is the month when the earth opens itself and nature returns to life. May was named after goddess Maia, the daughter of Atlas and mother of Mercury. June takes its name from Juno, the wife of Jupiter. July was named after Julius Caesar. The month of August took its name from Augustus, the first Roman emperor. September, October, November and December are the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th months in the Jullian calendar and they were given their names by the number they represent.
The Days of the Week
It is interesting to know how the names of the week came to have such names. These names are very old: people chose them long, long ago in the days when they worshipped a different god each day.
Sunday was the Sun's day and the next day was the Moon's day of Monday. Tuesday was called after Tieu, the god of war. Wednesday was Woden's day, one highest god of the Teutonic peoples. Thor was the thunder god, his day was called Thor's day, or Thursday.
His wife insisted on having a special day of her own. Her name was Freya, so her day came to be called Friday. Saturn was the Roman god of the fields, his day was Saturn's day, or Saturday.
CONTROL WORK
Variant 2
. 3 . .
Cinemas in London
London is full of cinemas and cinema clubs, some of them showing a large number of continental films. Cinema-going is a regular habit for a considerable number of people in London; the number of cinema-goers is much larger than that of theatre-goers. Unfortunately, the cinema in Britain is looked upon as rather an entertainment than the arts. As a result, comparatively few films of international standard of quality are shot in Britain, and if they are, they are often a commercial failure.
If you want to know which films are on, there are many publications to help you. Any daily newspaper will have a short list of films and shows; some newspapers on sale in the middle of the day give the full list of films supplied with the hour when they begin.
Some cinemas show films in the afternoon, early evening and late evening; others have continuous programmes from about two o'clock in the afternoon till late at night.
In case you want to watch a film which is a hit of the season, with a popular actor or actress starring, and can't get to the cinema early enough to get tickets, you can buy them in advance in most large stores and hotels.
CONTROL WORK
Variant 3
. 3 . .
Castles and Gardens
The Scots are great gardeners and you will find their gardens full of colour throughout the year, usually at their most beautiful when situated in the grounds of a magnificent castle.
Stirling Castle, like Edinburgh, is perched on a crag above the town. Up the east coast, in the regions of Dundee and Perth, Scone Palace has links with the earliest history of Scottish royalty, and it contents incorporate splendid French furniture. Almost as historic Glamis Castle, 15th ntury at its core, Blair Castle too, has played an important part in Scottish history and even today the Duke at Atholl has his own army the only private one in Britain.
St. Andrews has a castle, now in ruins, which was the Bishops palace as well as a fortress. Kinburn Park contains a scented garden planted especially for the blind. In the Aberdeen area, Craigievar Castle is a six-storeyed tower house, its skyline full of detail and typical of the original baronial style.
CONTROL WORK
Variant 4
. 3 . .
The First Cinema Films
One of the first cinema films was made by Edison, but the intervals between his photographic exposures were too short - about forty-eight photographs taken (and shown) to the second. The human eye could not see them so fast and the movements therefore appeared very jerky. This made the eyes tired.
When Edison's machine was brought to France to show films, it was seen there by Auguste and Louis Lumiere. These two brothers soon made a camera and projector that worked at about 16 photographs per second. This reduced the jerkiness very much, and in December 1895 the Lumiere brothers gave the worlds's first real cinematograph show. Their film was called The Arrival of a Train at a Station. The film was so good that some of the audience almost expected the train to rush out at them from the screen.
In 1903 one of Edison's cameramen made a new long picture. It was called The Life of an American Fireman. People liked it and asked for more; and so more films of this kind were made. More cinemas were built.
These first films had no sound. When it was necessary, printed words were thrown on the screen to explain what was happening or what people were saying. Usually music was played during the showing of a film. If the film was showing moonlight on the sea, the music was gentle and sweet. If there was a fight or a storm, the music was loud and noisy.
CONTROL WORK
Variant 5
. 3 . .
May Week at Cambridge
The most interesting time of year in which to visit Cambridge is during May Week. This is neither in May nor a week. For some reasons which nobody remembers, May Week is the name given to the first two weeks in June, the very end of the University year.
May Week denotes not so much a particular period of time as the general atmosphere of relaxation at the end of the year's work. It starts for each undergraduate when he finishes his examinations.
Everything as far as possible has to happen in the open air-parties, picnics, concerts and plays. May Week seems like a celebration of the coming of spring, till then ignored in favour of examinations, and this spirit of release seems to take over the entire (the whole) town. People go to the river behind the colleges which stand next to the river to watch May boat races, in which young energetic men are ready to show off their skill.
Music and drama also have a part to play in the festivities. Nearly every college of the University (and there are over 20 of them) holds a May Week concert or presents a play in the open air.
But the most important events are the May Balls for which some girls do their best for month in advance to get invitations. College May Balls are the climax of May Week and for many undergraduates are the final event of their university life, when the river is lit with coloured lights, ballroom orchestra plays for dancers and punts glide romantically down the river.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Appendix1
THE PRONOUN
| () (, , , ) Who? Whom? | () Whose? | |
| . | . | |
| I | me | my |
| You | you | your |
| He | him | his |
| She | her | her |
| It | it | its |
| We | us | our |
| You | you | your |
| They | them | their |
Appendix 2
THE VERB TO BE in Present Simple
| + | - | ? | ||
| I am a student. | I am not a student. | Am I a student? | ||
| You are a student. | You are not a student. | Are you a student? | ||
| He is a student. | He is not a student. | Is he a student? | ||
| It is a student. | It is not a student. | Is ita student? | ||
| She is a student. | She is not a student. | Is she a student? | ||
| We are students. | We are not students. | Are we students? | ||
| You are students. | You are not students. | Are you students? | ||
| They are students. | They are not students. | Are they students? | ||
| THE VERB TO BE in Past Simple | ||||
| + | - | ? | ||
| I was a lovely child. | I was not a naughty child. | Was I a lovely child? | ||
| He was a lovely child. | He was not a naughty child. | Was he a lovely child? | ||
| She was a lovely child. | She was not a naughty child. | Was she a lovely child? | ||
| It was a lovely day. | It was not a gloomy day. | Was it a lovely day? | ||
| We were lovely children. | We were not naughty kids. | Were we lovely children? | ||
| You were lovely children. | You were not naughty kids | Were you lovely children? | ||
| They were lovely children. | They were not naughty kids. | Were they lovely children? | ||
THE VERB TO BE in Future Simple
| + | - | ? |
| I will be all right. | I will not be bad. | Will I be all right? |
| You will be all right. | You will not be bad. | Will you beall right? |
| He will be all right. | He will not be bad. | Will he be all right? |
| She will be all right. | She will not be bad. | Will she be all right? |
| It will be all right. | It will not be bad. | Will it be all right? |
| We will be all right. | We will not be bad. | Will we be all right? |
| You will be all right. | You will not be bad. | Will you be all right? |
| They will be all right. | They will not be bad. | Will they be all right? |
Appendix3
| S I M P L E | PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE | |
| Always, usually, sometimes, often, seldom, never, every day (week, month, year), twice | Yesterday, last week (month, year, summer) ago, When? | Tomorrow, next week (year, Sunday), in a week, soon | ||
| I V1 You play We write They | V2 played . . wrote . . | will+V1 will play will write | ||
| He play s She write s It | ||||
| I You play We do not write They (dont)_____________________ He does not play She (doesnt) write It | did not+V1 did not play (didnt) write | will not+V1 will not play (wont) write | ||
| I Do you play ? we write? t hey_______________________ he Does she play? It write? | Did++V1? Did I/you/we/they/he/she/it play? Did I/you/we/they/he/she/it write? | Will ++V1? Will I/ you/we/they/he/she/it play? Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it write? | ||
| C O N T I N U O U S | Now; at this moment; Look! | Yesterday at 5 oclock; when you came | Tomorrow at this time; when you come | |
| To be+ V4 I am You playing We are writing They____________ He She is It | was / were +V4 You We were They________________ playing I He was writing She | will be+V4 will be playing will be writing | ||
| To be not + V4 I am You not playing We are writing They____________ He She is It | was / were +not + V4 You We were They______________ not playing I He was writing She | will be+ not + V4 will not be playing will not be writing | ||
| Am I you Are we they playing? he writing? Is she it | I Was he She it playing? you writing? Were we they | Will ++ be+V4? I you he Will she be playing? it writing? we they |
| P E R F E C T | PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE | |
| Just; already; yet; before, lately, so far; never; ever; since | Before he came; by 5 oclock yesterday | Before you come; by 5 oclock tomorrow | ||
| have / has + V3 I V1 You have played We written They | had + V3 had played had written | will have+V3 will have played will have written | ||
| He play ed She has written It | ||||
| I You played We have not written They _(havent)____________________ He has not played She (hasnt) written It | had not + V3 had not played had not written | will not have+V3 will not have played (wont) have written | ||
| I Have you played ? we written? t hey_______________________ he Has she played? it written? | Had + + V3? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they played? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they written? | Will + +have +V3? Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it play? Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it write? | ||
| P E R F E C T C O N T I N U O U S | For 3 hours already; since morning; since he came; How long? Since when? | Since the time when; before he came for 3 hours; | For 3 hours before you come | |
| Have / has been+ V4 I You We have been They____________ playing He writing She has been It | Had been+V4 had been playing had been writing | will have been +V4 will have been playing will have been writing | ||
| Have / has not + V4 I You We have not been They____________ playing He writing She has not been It | had+ not + been +V4 had not been playing had not been writing | Will not have been +V4 will not have been playing will not have been writing | ||
| I you Have we been they playing? he writing? Has she been it | Had + + been +V4? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they been playing? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they been writing? | Will++have+been+V4? I you he Will she have been playing? it writing? we they |
Appendix 4
| PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE | |
| S I M P L E | I am He/she/it is + V3 We/you/they are | I/he/she/it was + V3 we/you/they were | will be + V3 |
| C O N T I N U O U S | am is being + V3 are | was being + V3 were | |
| P E R F E C T | We/you/they have been + V3 He/she/it has | had been + V3 | will have been +V3 |
Appendix 5
| Do you work? Is she reading? | Yes, I do. / No. I don't Yes, she is. / No, she isn't | |
| Where do you work? What is she reading? | I work at plant. She is reading a book. | |
| Who knows this story? | He (does). | |
| You work much, don't you? She can't sing, can she? | Yes, I do. / No, I dont Yes, she can. / No, she can't. | |
| (have you) Have you a flat or a room? (does he know) Does he know French or English? | I have a flat. He knows English. |
Appendix 6
THE ADJECTIVE
The degrees of comparison
.
) : long; large
) , y; -er; ar;
| POSITIVE () | COMPARATIVE () | SUPERLATIVE () |
| as as He is as tall as his father. not so as She is not so nice as her sister. | -er than long-longer large-larger red-redder happy-happier He is taller than his father. | the -est the longest the largest the reddest the happiest He is the tallest in his class. |
.
| POSITIVE () | COMPARATIVE () | SUPERLATIVE () |
| as as This film version is as interesting as the book. not so as This dish is not so delicious as that one. | The book is more interesting than the film. | This book is the most interesting I have ever read. |
EXEPTIONS ():
Good better- the best
Bad- worse the worst
Many more the most
Much more the most
Little less the least
Old elder (older) the eldest (the oldest)
Far farther (further) the farthest (the furthest)
Appendix 7
. will /would; shall /should .
If -
Unless
When -
Before
After
Till -
Until
As soon as
By the time
1. .
, , . .
,
| Future Simple | Present Simple |
| Will + V1 | V1 |
| I will go out of town, | if the weather is good. |
2. 1. , .
, .
| Future Simple- in the - Past | Past Simple |
| Would + V1 | V2 |
| I would go out of town tomorrow | if the weather were good. |
to be were .
If I were you, I would go and see the doctor.
I wish I were at home now. , .
2. 2. , , .
, .
| Future Perfect- in the Past | Past Perfect |
| Would + have + V3 | Had + V3 |
| I would have gone out of town yesterday | if the weather had been good. |
I wish I had been at home yesterday. , .
Appendix 8
REPORTED SPEECH
1. , .
+ -
to be not to be
to go not to go
+
He said, Open the door! He told to open the door.
She said, Dont be late! She told not to be late.
She said, Close the window, please! She asked to close the window.
2. .
+ (that) + +
, .. . :
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Simple Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
Future Tenses Future Tenses in-the Past
Am / is - was
Are were
Has / have - had
Dont/doesnt didnt
Can could
Must must / had to
Will would
Shall - should
:
This that
These those
Here there
Today that day
Now then, at that moment
Yesterday the day before, the previous day
Tomorrow the following day, the next day
Next week the next week
Last week the week before, the previous week
ago - before
He said to Mike, I like music. He told Mike that he liked music.
She said to Terry, Nick went home. She told Terry that Nick had gone home.
.
3. .
. .
)
+ if (whether) + +
He said, Do you like music? He asked if I liked music.
She said to Bill, Did Paul like music? She asked Bill if Paul had liked music.
He said to Helen, Will you go home? He asked Helen if she would go home.
)
+ + +
He said to Ann, Where do you live? He asked Ann where she lived.
She said to Tom, What did you do? She asked Tom what he had done.
Appendix 9
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
. , .
Past Simple Past Continuous. .
He knew that she lived in London. , .
She was sure that her son was doing his homework at that time. , .
, Past Perfect. .
He said he had seen that film before. , .
, , Future-in-the-Past. .
He informed us that he would go to Paris soon. , .
Appendix 10
MODAL WORDS
| VERB & ITS MEANING | PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE |
| Must ; (, ) | must | had to | will have to |
| Have to (, ) | has to/have to | had to | will have to |
| Be to (, ) | am/is/are to | was/were to | _____________ |
| Should (, ) | should | _____________ | _____________ |
| Ought to , (, ) | ought to | _____________ | _____________ |
| Can ; ; (, , ) | can | could | will be able to |
| Be able to (, ) | am/is/are able to | was/were able to | will be able to |
| May- (, ) | may | might | ______________ |
| Need- (, ) | Need? neednt | _____________ | ______________ |
