.
ά . , , (), () :
ά = / (100%).
, ά < 1 (<100%), ά = 1 (100%). , ά : ↓, ά ↑, ↑, ά ↑.
, . , . .
( NaCNS).
: CNS- + HOH <=> HCNS + OH-
= = [HCNS] [ OH-] * [ H+]
[CNS-] [HOH] * [ H+]
[H+]. , : = -w / (HCNS). -w 10-14, , , , .
( NH4CI)
: NH4+ + HOH <=> NH4OH + H+
= = [NH4OH]* [H+] * [OH -] / [H+] * [ HOH] * [OH-],
[OH-], : = -w / (NH4OH).
, , , .
( NH4CNS).
: NH4+ + CNS- + HOH <=> NH4OH + HCNS
= = [NH4OH]* [HCNS] * [OH -]* [H+] / [NH4+]*[CNS-]*[ HOH] *[OH-]* [ H+],
[H+]*[OH-], : = -w / (NH4OH) * (HCNS).
ά , .
ά = ( / )1/2.
OH- H+, , .
) : [OH-] = ά *
= 14 = 14 Ig(ά * ) = 14 lg [(w / ... * )1/2]
) [H+] = ά * .
= Ig[H+] = -Ig(ά * ) = lg [(w / .. * )1/2]
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, .
, :
. , , . . .
. . , :
+ = Q.
- , . . .
. + . , , . . +, , . , , , + , . . . , , . . . , ( ), . , (II), , . , .