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. , .

, , ,

(), , .. , , (, .), .. . , . . () . : (, .); (, ); (- , ); , .. , .

. banco, (). VI , (.. ) /. VII VI /, , .

. . .

. ( Federal Reserve System), (Bank of England), Bundesdeutchebank, ..

, :

(

, . ( ) ( )

(

, . , , , , .)

(

, , , , )

(

, ).

-

() .

.

: 1) 2)

: 1) : ( ), ( - ), ( ); 2) : , , ; 3) : , .

, . : ( ) ( ).

, : - ; () ; ( ); ; .

(). (, .) . , , , , , .. , .

. , , , . .

. 100%- ( ). , .

, .

, . 100%- . , , . , . ( ), . . (liabilities) , . 100%- , . , . , . , , . , , .. . , . , , , . , . (.. ) . .

____________________________________

100% 100%

, , ( ) . , , 10% . , , , , . , , .

, .. , ( (R/D)), ( ). I - . , , 20%. , ( 1913 ), ..

( required reserve ratio - rr) , , . , (required reserves) , (deposits - D) : R . = D x rr, R . , D , rr . , 1, 0 < rr < 1.

, ( ):

= R . = D - R . = D D rr = D (1 rr)

, R . ( ) . . (, ), : 1) (, ) , ); 2) , , ; 3) ; ( ).

, , . = R . , , . , .. , (excess reserves), : R . = R . + R excess

.12.3.

(assets) (liabilities) rr = 20%

: $1000 $1000

$200

$800


, 20%, $1000 (.12.3.), $200 (1000 0.2 = 200) , $800 (1000 200 = 800) . , , . , , $700. $100 (800 700 = 100) (excess) . $300 ($200 + $100 = $300)

. , ( , .

. , , .. . , .. , .

, I , $1000, 20%. $200 (R . = D x rr = 1000 0.2 = 200), $800 ( = D x (1 rr) = 1000 (1 0.2) = 800). , ( , ) $800. ( , ), (), () (, ). , , $800, $160 (800 0.2 = 160), $640 (800 (1 0.2) = 640), () , .. , $640 . $128, $512. , c IV $409.6, V $327.68 .. :

I D = 1000

       
   


K R K = D x (1 rr)

D = 800 200

       
   


K R K = [D x (1 rr)] x (1 rr)

D = 640 160

       
   


K R K = [D x (1 rr)2] x (1 rr)

IV D = 512 128

       
   
 


K R K = [D x (1 rr)3] x (1 rr)

V D = 409.6 102.4

       
   
 


K R K = [D x (1 rr)4] x (1 rr) ..

. , , ( I, , , IV, V ..), , :

= D I + D + D + D IV + D V + =

= D + D x (1 rr) + [D x (1 rr)] x (1 rr) + [D x (1 rr)2] x (1 rr) +

+ [D x (1 rr)3] x (1 rr) + [D x (1 rr)4] x (1 rr) + =

= 1000 + 800 + 640 + 512 + 409.6 + 327.68 +

. (1 rr), .. 1.

= D x 1/(1 (1 rr)) = D x 1/rr

= 1000 1/0.8 = 1000 5 = 5000

1/rr ( , ) mult = 1/rr . , : , . , ( ) , ( ) . , . , ( ), , (.. ). , , , , . , , . ( ) . ( 2.7).

(), (D). ( ), .. = + D, I ($1000) , .. , D. , $4000 (D = 5000 1000 = 4000), .. . ( ) , I ( ), $800. , :

D = D + D + D IV + D V + =

= D x (1 rr) + [D x (1 rr)] x (1 rr) + [D x (1 rr)2] x (1 rr) +

+ [D x (1 rr)3] x (1 rr) + [D x (1 rr)4] x (1 rr) + =

= 800 + 640 + 512 + 409.6 + 327.68 + = 800 (1/0.8) = 800 5 = 4000

D = [D x (1 rr)] x (1/rr) = (1/rr) = R . (1/rr) = 800 (1/0.8) = 4000

, :

1) ,

2) ()

,

, (-) .

, , : 1) , 2) 3) . , , , ( ), , , , . , .

(1) ( ) (): = + D

, , , . ( ) ( ). , , (monetary base) (high-powered money) :

= + R

? , .

, : 1) rr (reserve ratio), : rr = R/D , . ; 2) r (), : r = /D. .

= r D, R = rr D, :

= + D = r D + D = (r + 1) D (1)

= + R = r D + rr D = (r + rr) D (2)

(1) (2), :

(r + 1) D (r + 1) (cr + 1)

------ = --------------- = ------------ M = ----------- H

(r + rr) D (r + rr) (cr + rr)

(cr + 1)

= mult x H mult = ----------

(r + rr)

 

[(r + 1)/ (r + rr)] , .. , , () () . , . , , , .

, , (=0), , () : multD = 1/ rr. (simple money multiplier), - (money multiplier).

. , .. , , , , . , () () , : (r + 1)/(r + rr) , (cr + rr)/(cr + 1) (.12.4.).

1 r1 r2 ( ), 1 2. ( 1, 2. , . , ( , ), .. , , , .





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