2
2 36 07 01
: | .. |
___ ______________________ 2014 .
____________ ..
2
. 2 . . .
.
. . , .
, , . , , , , , (. . ), , .. : ( ).
1.
1 , . . , I, , U, .
, , , U, , . I = P/U. I, . , , .. I ≥ I. , .. I ≥ 0.5I.
|
|
, , , I ≥ I0
, Ub, , . , Ub = πU = = 3.14 U, Ub = 2π U /2 = 1.57 U, Ub = 2.1 U. , , U ≥ Ub.
.
1.1. , : 218, 222, 202, 215. = 300, U = 200.
. 1. .1.9 .
I,. | U, | I, | U, | ||
218 | 0.1 | 202 | |||
222 | 0.4 | 215 |
2. I = P/ U = 300/200 = 1.5 A.
3. , , Ub = 1.57 Uo = 1.57 * 200 = 314.
4. I > 0.5I > 0.5 * 1.5 > 0.75 , U > U ≥ 314 . 202: I = 1.0 > 0.75; U = 500 > 314.
218 222 (1000 600 314), (0.1 0.4 0.75). 215, , (2 > 0.75), (200 < 314).
5. (. 1). 202; I = 1; U = 500.
.1 .2
1.2. = =250 U = 100 , 243.
. 1. 1.9 I = 2; U = 200.
2. : I = P/ U = 250/100 = 2.5 A.
3. , :
U = 3.14 U = 3.14 * 100 = 314 B.
4. I U. U ≥ U I > 0.5 I. (200< 314), .. U < U;
(0.51 I = 0.5 * 2.5 = 1.25 < 2 A).
5. . U > U, , U = 200 * 2 = = 400 > 314. . 2.
1.3. = 20 , 242.
. 1. 1.9 : I = 10, U = 100.
2. I = P/ U = 300/200 = 15 A.
3. , : Ub = 3.14 Uo = 3.14 * 20 = 63.
4. I U. U > Ub, I > I. (10 < 15, . I < I). (100 > 63).
|
|
5. . I > I, , I = 2 * 10 = 20; 20 > 15. . 3.
1.4. 243. U = = 150. .
. 1. 2.8 : I = 5, U = 200.
2. . I > 1 I, .. = 3U I 3 * 150 * 5 = 2250 .
, ≥ 2250 .
3. , :
Ub = 2.1 Uo = 2.1 * 150 = 315.
4. . . (200 < 315). , , U = 200 * 2 = 400; 400 > 315. . 4.
.3 .4
2.
, . , .
:
0 + 0 = 0; 1 + 0 = 1
0 + 1 = 1; 1 + 1 = 10 ().
, 1 + 1 .
2.1. 38 28.
1. . . , , , . , , .. . . , 2, 10.
2.
100110 38
+ 11100 + 28
---------- ------
1000010 66
3.
1000010 = 1 * 26 + 0 * 25 + 0 * 24 + 0 * 23 + 0 * 22 + 0 * 21 + 0 * 20 = 66.
:
0 0 = 0; 1 1 = 0
1 - 0 = 1; 10 1 = 1.
, . , . , , , , .
:
10010 (18)
- 101 (5)
----------------
1101 (13)
:
1101 = 1 * 23 + 1 * 22 + 0 * 21 + 1 * 20 = 1 * 8 + 1 * 4 + 0 * 2 + 1 * 1 = 13.
:
0 * 0 = 0; 1 * 0 = 0
0 * 1 = 0; 1 * 1 = 1.
, . . , .
,
11011 (27)
* 101 (5)
-------------------
+ 11011
-------------------
1000011 (135)
:
|
|
10000111 = 1 * 27 + 0 * 26 + 0 * 25 + 0 * 24 + 0 * 23 + 1 * 22 * 1 * 21 + 1 * 20 =
= 1 * 128 + 0 * 64 + 0 * 32 + 0 * 16 + 0 * 8 + 1 * 4 + 1* 2 + 1 * 1 = 135
. , .
, 117 9;
1110101 1001
- 1001 1101
- 1001
-1001
117 9
- 9 13
-----
27
:
1101 = 1 * 23 + 1 * 22 + 0 * 21 + 1 * 20 = 1 * 8 + 1 * 4 + 0 * 2 + 1 * 1 = 13
3.
. I, I.
∆I ∆I h216:
h 21 = ∆I/∆I U = const,
U .
. h21 = 0.9 ÷ 0.995. I = h21 I.
h21 Δ I ΔI. h21 20 200.
h 21 = ∆I/∆I U = const,
U .
I = h21I. h21 h21 :
h21 = h 21 h21 = h 21
1 + h21 1- h21
, , P = U I. .
3.1. , , h21 (. .3.17) (. . 3.18), U = 0.4 ; U = 25. h21 P .
. 1. U = 0.4 I = 500 .
2. U = 25 I = 500 I = 36 .
3. (.3.1) , :
ΔI = = I1 - I2 = 36 28 = 8 ;
ΔI = = I1 - I2 = 500 400 = 100 = 0.1 .
4.
h21 = ΔI/ ΔI = 8/0.1 = 80.
5.
h21 = h21/(h21 + 1) = 80/(80 + 1) = 0.98.
6.
= U I = 25 * 36 = 900 = 0.9 .
3.2. , , I, I U, U = 0.3; = 20; R = 0.8 . . 3.19., 3.20.
. : = U + I R, .. R U .
, .. I U I R, . - R, : U = E I R.
|
|
: U = I = 0 I = / R U = 0 .
- R . R I.
. U = = 20, , I = / R = 20/800 = 0.025. R =
= 0.8 = 800 .
2. .
3. U = 0.3 I = 250.
4. , I = 250.
5. I = 17 U= 7.
3. 3. = 6, U = 30; = 40. .3.2, I, I, h21 R.
. 1.
I = / U = 6/30 = 0.2.
2. , I = 0.2 U = 30. , I = 2.
3. , = 40. I1 = 0.8.
4. R = / I1 = 40/0.8 = 50 .
,
Δ I = = 0.4 - 0.2 = 0.2 = 200;
Δ I = = 4 2 = 2.
6.
h21 = Δ I/ Δ I = 200/2 = 100.
. 5 , I I, . 3.1 3.20, , : , .
1. . , .
2. - . . .
3. . , , , .
4. . , , , .
5. . , , , .
6. . , , , .
7. . , .
8. , , .
9. . , , .
10. . , , .
11. . , .
12. . , , .
13. . , , .
14. . , , .
15. - . , , .
16. . , , .
2
1 ( 1-10). . , , U, . , . 1.9, , , . . . 1.1.
1.1
, | U, | , | U, | ||||
1. | 214 215 224 | 6. | 218 222 232 | ||||
2. | 205 217 302 | 7. | 221 214 244 | ||||
3. | 243 211 226 | 8. | 7 209 304 | ||||
4. | 214 243 202 | 9. | 242 224 226 | ||||
5. | 303 243 224 | 10. | 215 242 210 |
1( 1-10). , , . 1.9. , , U, . . .1.2
|
|
1.2
, | U, | , | U, | ||||
1. | 217 | 6. | 233 | ||||
2. | 215 | 7. | 209 | ||||
3. | 304 | 8. | 244 | ||||
4. | 232 | 9. | 226 | ||||
5. | 205 | 10. | 202 |
1 ( 11-20). , , . 1.9. , U, . .1.3.
1.3.
U, | U, | ||||
11. | 218 | 16. | 233 | ||
12. | 7 | 17. | 214 | ||
13. | 244 | 18. | 244 | ||
14. | 226 | 19. | 205 | ||
15. | 222 | 20. | 215 |
1( 11-20). , , . , U, . , . 1.9 , , . . . 1.4.
1.4.
, | U, | , | U, | ||||
11. | 224 207 214 | 16. | 305 302 222 | ||||
12. | 215 234 218 | 17. | 243 233 217 | ||||
13. | 244 7 210 | 18. | 202 215 205 | ||||
14. | 232 202 222 | 19. | 231 242 221 | ||||
15. | 304 244 226 | 20. | 242 226 224 |
1( 21-30). , , . 1.9. , , U, . . . 1.5.
1.5.
, | U, | , | U, | ||||
21. | 7 | 26. | 207 | ||||
22. | 224 | 27. | 302 | ||||
23. | 217 | 28. | 243 | ||||
24. | 305 | 29. | 221 | ||||
25. | 214 | 30. | 233 |
1 ( 21-30). . , , U, . , . 1.9. , , . . . 1.6.
1.6.
, | U, | , | U, | ||||
21. | 244 214 243 | 26. | 243 226 231 | ||||
22. | 218 221 214 | 27. | 224 242 303 | ||||
23. | 302 205 244 | 28. | 202 243 214 | ||||
24. | 242 222 215 | 29. | 224 214 302 | ||||
25. | 7 217 242 | 30. | 215 231 234 |
1 ( 31-40). . 0 () U, . ,, . 1.9. , , . . .1.7.
1.7
, | U, | , | U, | ||||
31. | 242 244 221 | 36. | 211 226 304 | ||||
32. | 209 303 7 | 37. | 217 222 243 | ||||
33. | 224 302 205 | 38. | 214 243 202 | ||||
34. | 214 202 215 | 39. | 224 214 302 | ||||
35. | 243 214 226 | 40. | 210 221 242 |
1( 31-40). , , . 1.9. , , U, . . .1.8.
1.8
, | U, | , | U, | ||||
31. | 210 | 36. | 205 | ||||
32. | 303 | 37. | 224 | ||||
33. | 214 | 38. | 222 | ||||
34. | 242 | 39. | 218 | ||||
35. | 244 | 40. | 243 |
1.9
I, | U, | I, | U, | ||
7 | 0.3 | 232 | |||
205 | 0.4 | 232 | |||
207 | 0.1 | 233 | |||
209 | 0.1 | 233 | |||
210 | 0.1 | 234 | |||
211 | 0.1 | 242 | |||
214 | 242 | ||||
214 | 242 | ||||
214 | 243 | ||||
215 | 243 | ||||
215 | 243 | ||||
215 | 244 | ||||
217 | 0.1 | 244 | |||
218 | 0.1 | 244 | |||
221 | 0.4 | 302 | |||
222 | 0.4 | 303 | |||
224 | 304 | ||||
224 | 305 | ||||
224 | 202 | ||||
226 | 0.3 | 202 | |||
226 | 0.3 | ||||
231 | |||||
231 |
2 ( 1-30). , . 2
2
. | |||||
1. | 40 + 27 | 92 - 55 | 15 * 5 | 84: 6 | 1,14 |
2. | 37 + 51 | 83 30 | 14 * 10 | 63: 7 | 2,15 |
3. | 53 + 29 | 89 - 44 | 11 * 9 | 85: 17 | 3,16 |
4. | 66 + 21 | 74 - 37 | 17 * 6 | 117: 9 | 4,1 |
5. | 49 + 34 | 79 - 22 | 13 * 7 | 90: 10 | 5,2 |
6. | 58 + 32 | 65 - 30 | 12* 9 | 125: 5 | 6,3 |
7. | 73+ 44 | 91 - 28 | 27 * 5 | 70: 7 | 7,4 |
8. | 51 + 40 | 76 -33 | 22 *7 | 77: 11 | 8,11 |
9. | 63 +29 | 130 87 | 19* 6 | 143:6 13 | 9,15 |
10. | 34 + 45 | 117 -37 | 14 * 5 | 130: 10 | 1,10 |
11. | 49 + 37 | 122- 50 | 15 *7 | 90: 6 | 2,16 |
12. | 71 + 39 | 131- 60 | 26 * 6 | 119: 7 | 1,15 |
13. | 53 +22 | 103 -40 | 18 * 5 | 126: 9 | 2,12 |
14. | 69 +30 | 129 -70 | 13 *9 | 70: 5 | 3,13 |
15. | 54 +33 | 105 -31 | 21 * 10 | 91: 7 | 4,14 |
16. | 51 +40 | 109 -38 | 14 * 7 | 78: 6 | 1,14 |
17. | 62 + 31 | 135 -76 | 11 * 6 | 115: 5 | 6,16 |
18. | 79 + 44 | 98 -33 | 23 * 5 | 140:7 | 7,11 |
19. | 71 +28 | 119 -62 | 13 * 10 | 102: 6 | 8,12 |
20. | 83 + 32 | 127 -55 | 14* 9 | 95: 5 | 9,13 |
21. | 67 +21 | 150 -81 | 11 * 7 | 180: 9 | 1,10 |
22. | 43 +68 | 145- 66 | 22 * 6 | 70: 10 | 2,11 |
23. | 59 +38 | 141- 70 | 20 * 5 | 162: 9 | 3,12 |
24. | 65 +39 | 128- 75 | 18 * 9 | 130: 5 | 4,13 |
25. | 80+ 43 | 151- 76 | 17 * 7 | 143: 13 | 5,14 |
26. | 74 +31 | 169 -73 | 21 * 6 | 140: 10 | 6,15 |
27. | 57 +46 | 130 -57 | 22 * 5 | 98: 7 | 7,16 |
28. | 59 +38 | 109- 46 | 10 * 7 | 132: 11 | 1,16 |
29. | 81 +32 | 118- 65 | 20 * 9 | 108: 6 | 2,15 |
30. | 69 +34 | 121 -56 | 15 * 6 | 171: 9 | 3,14 |
31. | 37+41 | 135-56 | 11*5 | 104:8 | 4,13 |
32. | 57+31 | 98-45 | 23*7 | 140:7 | 5,14 |
33. | 79+33 | 119-55 | 13*11 | 115: 5 | 6,15 |
34. | 62+29 | 127-81 | 14*8 | 140:7 | 7,16 |
35. | 49+27 | 150-76 | 22*7 | 102: 6 | 8,11 |
36. | 58+29 | 145-68 | 18*7 | 95: 5 | 9,12 |
37. | 51+32 | 169-46 | 17*6 | 180: 9 | 10,13 |
38. | 63+40 | 135-73 | 21*5 | 70: 10 | 1,11 |
39. | 69+45 | 139-57 | 15*7 | 115: 5 | 2,12 |
40. | 54+47 | 118-56 | 11*8 | 180: 9 | 3,13 |
3 ( 1-10). , , , h21, R1 R2 P1 P2, U, U1 U2 . .3.1.
3.1
U, | U1, | U2, | , | ||
1. | 3.1, 3.2. | 0.3 | |||
2. | 3.3, 3.4 | 0.2 | |||
3. | 3.5, 3.6 | 0.15 | |||
4. | 3.7, 3.8 | 0.2 | |||
5. | 3.9, 3.10 | 0.1 | |||
6. | 3.11, 3.12 | 0.25 | |||
7. | 3.13, 3.14 | 0.3 | |||
8. | 3.15, 3.16 | 0.3 | |||
9. | 3.17, 3.18 | 0.25 | |||
10. | 3.19, 3.20 | 0.2 |
3 ( 11 20). , , U, Rk . , U, I, h21 . h21. . 3.2.
3.2
U, | R, | , | ||
11. | 3.1, 3.2. | 0.3 | 0.1 | |
12. | 3.3, 3.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | |
13. | 3.5, 3.6 | 0.25 | 0.05 | |
14. | 3.7, 3.8 | 0.25 | 0.02 | |
15. | 3.9, 3.10 | 0.2 | 0.4 | |
16. | 3.11, 3.12 | 0.2 | ||
17. | 3.13, 3.14 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |
18. | 3.15, 3.16 | 0.4 | ||
19. | 3.17, 3.18 | 0.3 | 0.8 | |
20. | 3.19, 3.20 | 0.25 | 1.0 |
3 ( 21 30). , , , R1 R2. , U1 U2, h21, 1 2, I . 3.3.
3.3
I | R1, | R2, | , | ||
21. | 3.2 | 0.05 | 0.1 | ||
22. | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | ||
23. | 3.6 | 0.05 | 0.1 | ||
24. | 3.8 | 0.05 | 0.1 | ||
25. | 3.10 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.0 | |
26. | 3.12 | ||||
27. | 3.14 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | |
28. | 3.16 | ||||
29. | 3.18 | ||||
30. | 3.20 |
3 ( 31-40). , U,, U ., , I, h21, R P. .3.4
. 3.4
U, | U, | , | ||
31. | 3.1, 3.2. | 0.4 | ||
32. | 3.3, 3.4 | 0.2 | ||
33. | 3.5, 3.6 | 0.2 | ||
34. | 3.7, 3.8 | 0.25 | ||
35. | 3.9, 3.10 | 0.2 | ||
36. | 3.11, 3.12 | 0.25 | ||
37. | 3.13, 3.14 | 0.3 | ||
38. | 3.15, 3.16 | 0.3 | ||
39. | 3.17, 3.18 | 0.3 | ||
40. | 3.19, 3.20 | 0.25 |
. 3.1 . 3.2
. 3.3 . 3.4
. 3.5 . 3.6
. 3.7 . 3.8
. 3.9 . 3.10
. 3.11 . 3.12
. 3.13 . 3.14
. 3.15 . 3.16
. 3.17 . 3.18
. 3.19 . 3.20