:
1. ,
2. ,
I.1. 3-=2+12-> 3-1-21
2. 4+12->31
3.,
4.
II.1.() R
2. ()
N
E
- ,
- Q, ∆H-
,
, ,
5
5.1
- , .
( ) , . , . - , . . .
() - . , . , . . - .
() - - (, H2, O2, 3).
() - , (, HCl, H2O).
. (H-) , , , (F, O, N, Cl, Br, S). 20-100 -1.
- . , , , H2O, H2F2, NH3. H2 ( = S, Se, Te) . , -100, -80.
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, , . . . . : , . , , , , . , .
: 3-4 .
, , . 100-800 /.
, , , . . , , . . , , ., . . - -. . . --, - - 1873 - , (. -- ). --.
. , . - - ., - R , , . (- , .). R, l , , -, () . , , , , ,
. , .
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. . , , , , . , , , .
5.2 ( 1), ( 2). (II), ( 3). NO2 NO ( 4).
5.3
6
1. , .
, - , - . , , .
- .
.
. .
. . . : σ π (. 9):
σ- ; π- , , .
, . . .
d , . . 100 .
:
= 74 ;
N2 = 110 ;
2 = 121 ;
( ) = 154-158 ;
( = ) ≈ 134 ;
( ≡ ) ≈ 120 .
. . , . , .. , .
. Ÿ , , ., - 2 = 435 / (104 /), , 1 2 435 (104 ).
+ = 2 + 435 / (104 /)
.
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(85 );
= (145 );
≡ (198 ).
, , , , , .
6.2 2KMnO4 + 16HBr = 2MnBr2 + 5Br2 + 8H2O + 2KBr
3Br2 + 2Fe = 2FeBr3
FeBr3 + 3CsOH = Fe(OH)3 + 3CsBr
2Fe(OH)3 = Fe2O3 + 3H2O
6.3
:
100*0,15=15
127*------------145*
SO3+2=H2SO4
127-------------145
SO3 ( 127* ), 145 H2SO4. 30% ( 0,3) , :
(15+145*)/(100+127*)=0,3
=0,14
127*=17,8
7
7.1. , , .
, ( ) .
(, , )
1. , ,
2. ,
3. -, ,
7.2
FeS+2HCl=FeCl2+H2S
22S+3O2=2SO2+2H2O
SO2+2KOH=K2SO3+H2O
K2SO3+2KMnO4+2KOH=K2SO4+2K2MnO4+H2O !
7.3
CaC2 + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
Ca(OH)2 + 2HBr = CaBr2 + 2H2O
n(CaC2) = 6,4/64 = 0,1 .
m(HBr) = V*p*w = 87*1,12*0,20 = 19,49 .
, n(CaC2) = n(Ca(OH)2) = n(C2H2), n(HBr) = 2n(Ca(OH)2) = 0,2 .
m(HBr ) = n*Mr = 0,2*81 = 16,20 .
m(HBr ) = 19,49 - 16,20 = 3,29 .
m(C2H2) = n*Mr = 0,1*26 = 2,6 .
m( ) = m( ) + m(CaC2) - m(C2H2) = 87*1,12 + 6,4 - 2,6 = 101,24 .
w(HBr ) = (3,29/101,24)*100% = 3,25%.
: 3,25%.
8
8.1 , , . , ( ), . , .. , . ( ) dQ : dQ = = dU (U- ), dQ = dH (H- ).
- , .
1. .
2. ( , ). , , .
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3. , .
4. .
5. .
8.2
FeS+2HCl=FeCl2+H2S
22S+3O2=2SO2+2H2O
SO2+2KOH=K2SO3+H2O
K2SO3+2KMnO4+2KOH=K2SO4+2K2MnO4+H2O
8.3
ҹ9
9.1 , .. . .- - - , . - - - - -
- .- -.
- 10 .
(), , . ,
9.2
2Fe + 6H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH = 2Fe(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4
2Fe(OH)3 =(t)= Fe2O3 + 3H2O
Fe2O3 + 6HCl = 2FeCi3 + 3H2O
9.3
10
10.1 , , .
( ) :
2KClO 3 = 2KCl + 3O 2 ↑
, .
, , . , . .
, , .
, , ( , , ), , .