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FAQ

-

 

. 908

1 2012

1-.

 

. -
. -
. -
. -

.. - (10132 273 )

. -

. - -
.. -

. -

νj, νi- -


. -

 

 

1.

 

1.1. .

1. (Qp Qv)
2 H4 0() + H2 () =C2 5 0(), 298 . , 400 ?

. 1-

ΔU = Q - A

ΔU - (U2-U1) "1" 2"; Q ; A - , ΔV, - , ΔV- (V2-V1).

, =const
Qp= ΔH = ΔU+pΔ, (1.1.2)

 

ΔH - .

 

, = const

 

Qp-Qv=pΔV=ΔnRT,

R - = 8,3144 / *; Δn=n2-n1 ;

n1 n2 - ; T - , .

: 1) 298 Q - Qv = ΔnRT = (0-2) 8,3144-298 = -4955,38 ;

2) 400 25 Qp Qv = (1-2) 8,3144-400 = -3325,76 .

298 Qp-Qv = -4955,38 ;

400 Qp - Qv= -3325,76 .

2.

:

2() + H2 → C2H2; Δ H.

. () Δ H - , 1 , .

Δ H Δ G, Δ S, Δ F , . - 1 (101330 ) . - , . , .

, Δ H 273 , , , 298 . ≡- - (358,2 /) ≡ (536 /); H H (430 /) 2C(rp) → 2-() (525 /).

, - .

Δ H C2H2 = (-358,2*2)+(-536)+430+525*2=227,6 /.

. Δ H C2H2 = 227,6 /.

 

1. Qp Qv 298 66, 10 8 C2H4 .

2. Qp Qv 298 :

N2() + 3H2() ⇄ 2NH3(); 2SO2()+O2() ⇄2SO3()

2C()+O2()=2C2(); NH4CL(p) ⇄ NH3()+ HCL().

3. 1/2 N2(r)+3/2 H2() ⇄NH3() , 298 Qp = Δ H= = -46,26 /.

Qv .

4. ,
2Fe()+3/2 2()=Fe2O3 (), 291 -82, /. , .

5. Qp Qv 773 CO2() + C()= CO()
3C2H2() → C6H6().

6. H2, Cl2 HCl 436,243 -92 /. H-Cl.

7. 298 .

CH3COOCH3() + 3,5O2() → 3H2O() + 3CO2(); Δ H.

H O H

| || |

H C C O C H

| |

H H

 

8.

H H

| |

H C = C H

 


2C() + 2H2()- C2H4(); ΔH
. (. . 1).

9. H

H H H H

| | | |

H C C C C H

| | | |

H H H H
.

4C() + 5H2() = C4 H10; Δ H

 

10.

C() + 2H2 + 1/2 O2 = CH3OH; ΔH.

(. . ).

11. (ΔH)

H H H H

| | \ /

H C C OH() → C = C + H O H; ΔH

| | / \

H H H H()

. 1,
- . 2.

12. (ΔH)

H

| O H H

H C | |

| O C C H()

H | |

H H O2 H2O()

298 . ( . . 1, H2 O - . 2).

 

1.2. . . .

1. 298 (ΔH)

Al2O3() + SO3()= Al2(SO4)3() ; ΔH.

. ΔH > - , ; ΔH < - , . : ΔH () Δ H νj, νi ):

δη=ς vj Δ H - ς νi Δ H. (1.2.1)

. 3 :

Δ H298 Al2O3() = -1672 /;

Δ H298 SO3() =-395,7 /;

Δ H298 A12(S04)3()= -3439,0 /.

(1.2.1):

Δ H= Δ H298 A12(S04)3 - Δ H298 Al2O3 - 3 Δ H298 SO3 =

= -3439,0+1672+3*395,7 = -580,8

ΔΗ = -580,8 .

2. ΔΗ ,

()2+ 23 ͗> (3)2 + 22,

(. . 5)

ΔHocop(COO)2 = -251,8 /;

ΔHocop (3) = -727,59 /;

ΔHocop (COOC3)2= -168,19 /.

. : :

ΔHo=Σ νi ΔHocop - Σ νj ΔHocop (1.2.2)

,

ΔHo = ΔHocop(COO)2 + 2 ΔHocop (3) - 2 ΔHocop (COOC3)2 - 2 ΔHocop (H2O)= - 251,8 - (2*727,59)+1680,19 = -26,79 .

20 ( CO2) .

. ΔHo = -26,79 .

3. (Δ H298 ) , - 1412,99 /, (Δ H298 ) C2 H2O() - 394,07 - 286,26 /.

.

C2H4() + 32 = 22() + 22();

ΔΗ = -1412,99 /

(1.2.1):

Δ H =2Δ H298 2 + 2Δ H298 2 - Δ H298 24 - Δ H298 2

, Δ H298 2= 0.

Δ H298 C2H4 = 2Δ H298 H20 +2Δ H298 CO2 - Δ H =-(2*286,26)- (2*394,07) +1412,99 = -572,52-788,14+ +1412,99 = 52,3 /.

. Δ H298 C2H4 = 52,3 /.

4. .

4 + 2O2 = 2 + 2H2O;Δ H.

ΔHocop -891,63 /.

. , ( ).

(1.2.2)

ΔΗ= ΔHocop CH4 + ΔHocop O2 - ΔHocop CO2 - ΔHocop H2O;

ΔHocop O2, 2O O2 ,

ΔΗ0= ΔHocop CH4 = -891,632 /. 80 ( 1- 2- ). ,

.. = (891,632/80)*1000=1114,54/

. .. 1114,54 /.

5.

CH3OH() + 3/2O2=CO2() + 2H2O() 500 1013

. ( )

ΔΗΤ = ΔΗ00 + ΔѰ dT, (1.2.3)

ΔѰ - . , ΔѰ (T0 T), (1.2.3)

ΔΗ= ΔΗ00 + ΔѰ (-0). (1.2.4)

- 0. , - 0=298 . . 3. (1.2.1)

Δ H298= Δ H298 CO2 + 2Δ H298 H2O - Δ H298 CH3OH() -3/2 Δ H298 O2=

= -394-(2*241,8)-(-201,2)-0=-676,4 .

ΔѰ (.4):

ΔѰ= Ѱ CO2 + 2 ѰH2O - ѰCH3OH -3/2 ΔѰO2=

37,13+2.33ι56-43,9-3/2(29,36)=16>31 /* =

= 16,3110-3 /*, (1.2.4)

 

δΗ500 = -676,4+16,3110-3(500-298) = -676,4 + 3,29 = -673,11 .

. δΗ500 = -673,11 .

13.

226→ 24 + C2H2+H2.

. 5 . 3. .

14. pe cop ocopco

2PH3 + 4O2 = P2 O5 +3H2O(); Δo.

Cape . 3.

15. pe pea:

Fe3O4 + C = 3FeO + CO2; ΔHo.

16. cο 2,1 c ceρ eoc
3,77 . Pcc cpy opo .

17. oec ,
8,4 peeo , pax ycox.

18. cρy (Δ H298) po
H3, cxo yp

2PH3()+4O2()=P25() + 5H2O(); ΔH=-2398

19. Cp Δ H298 pe cc (III) occ 298 K:

) Fe2O3()+2H2()=2Fe() + 3H2O();

) Fe2O3()+3C()=2Fe() + 3();

) Fe2O3()+3CO()=2Fe() + 32().

20. Bc Δ H298 pa MgCO3() 298 K, cy :

C()+O2() = CO2 () ; Δ H298 = -394 ;

2Mg+O2 = 2MgO(p); ΔHo298 = -1203,6 ;

MgO() + CO2 ()=MgCO3(); ΔHo298 = -117,6 .

2. Bc Δ H298 pa:

) 2Li()+2H2O()=2Li+() + 2OH-() + H2();

) 2Na()+ 2H2O()=2N+() + 2OH-() + H2().

Cp pο Li+(), Na+() OH-() cooeceo pa - 278,5: -239 228,9 /.

22. Bc, oco ec ope p ppa :

) C6 H12 O6 () =2 C2 H5 OH( ) + 2 CO2 (); Δ H 1

) C6H12O6()+6O2()=6O2() + 6H2O(); ΔH2.

πoce py ?

23. Cp opo
298 K paa 82,9 /. Hae ypa pea,
op cc .

24. ec occoe 8
c opo ?

25. opo xopcoo pa xp
pec ypee:

H2+Cl2=2HCl; Δ H= -184,6 .

Coo ec coee 1 xop c
?

26. Opee epy ccc .
pe pec :

2H4+3O2=2CO2+2H2O.

27. py cocooc .
:

C2H6 +3,5O2 =2CO2+3H2O.

28. eoopy ccc . :

C2H2+ 2,5O2=2CO2+H2O.

29. Οpee :

CH4+22 =CO2+2H2() =700 K.

30. Οp :

4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H2O() p = 500 K.

31. Οpee pe:

2CO+O2=2CO2 800 K.

32. Οpee :

2SO2 + O2 =2SO3 400 K.

. Οe opo coo opo xop oopoa 800 K.

34. H2+CO

C()+H2O()=CO()+H2(); ΔHo.

ΔHo . , 1000 (..).

35. ΔHo298 H2O() (-241,8 /)
:

FeO()+ CO()= Fe()+ CO2(); Δ H298 =-18,2

2CO() + O2 ()= 2CO2(); Δ H298 = -566,0 .

Δ H298

FeO()+H2()=Fe()+H2O().

36. , , 100 293 K 303 K. 75,3 /*.

37. ΔHo

2Cl2 + 2H2O=4HCl + O2,
798 K, , cex - - 298 - 798K .

38. , (, +22= 3() 298 K 1 K
P=const.

1.3. 3AKH . .
.
3

1. 400 300. ,
C = 29,2 /* ( ).

. ΔS ΔS1 ΔS2 :

ΔS1= R ln , (1.3.1)

R - ; V1 V2 .. (1.3.1)
ΔS1= 8,31*ln10=19,1 /*K.

 

 

ΔS2 =Cp*ln , (1.3.2)

- 2; 2 1 .

ΔS2 = 29,21n = -8,05 /*, ΔS = ΔS1+ΔS2= 19,1-8,05 = 11,05 /*.
. ΔS = 11,05 /*.

2. 12 473 233 K 105 6106. , = 29,2 /* ( ).

.

pV= nRT; n= =(105*12*10-3)/(8,31*473)= 0,3052 .

ΔS ΔS1 Δ S2

ΔS1 =R ln , (1..)

Ρ1 Ρ2 ; R .

ΔS2 (1.3.2).

ΔS = R ln + Cpln .
0,3052 ,

ΔS =0,3052(8,31*ln(105/(6*106)) + 29,2*ln(233/437))=-16,77 /*.

( ).
. ΔS = 16,77 /*.

3. ΔS 30 (3 ) 333 K. Τ 289,6 K.
ΔΗ= 194 /, 2,19 /*.

. Δ S Δ S1 Τ (333 ) Δ S2

Δ S1= Δ H/T (1.3.4)

1 3= 60 .
(1.3.4) Δ S1=194*30/289,6*60=20,1 /
Δ S2 (1.3.2):

Δ S2=pln(T2/T1)=2,19*30ln(333/289,6)=9,20 /.

Δ S = Δ S1 + Δ S2= 20,1+9,2=29,3 /.
: Δ S = 29,3 /.

4. ΔS ΔG

Fe34 + CO = 3FeO + CO2
 .

. ΔS ΔG (2.2.1). S298 ΔG 298 .3.
,

ΔS = ∑ νj S298 - ∑νi S298.

ΔS = 3S298 FeO + S298 CO2 - S298 Fe3O4 - S298 CO =3*58,79 + 213,6 -151,46 197,4 = 39,11

 


ΔG = ∑ νj ΔG 298 - ∑νi ΔG 298. (1.3.6)

 


ΔG = 3 ΔG 298 FeO + ΔG 298 CO2 - ΔG 298 Fe3O4 - ΔG 298 CO = 3(-246,0) 394,89 +1010 +137,4 = 14,51

ΔG < , , ΔG > 0 . ΔG > 0, , .

. ΔS = 39,11 ; ΔG = 14,51 , .

5. ΔG : C2H2+5/2 2 = 2 C2 + 2 (); ΔG,

-S298 ΔΗ298 (. 3).

. ( (1.2.1) (1.3.5)).

ΔΗ = ΔΗ298 H2O + 2ΔΗ298 CO2 - 2ΔΗ298 C2H2= -285,8+2* (-394)-226,8= -1299,6 /;

ΔS= S298 H2O + 2S298 CO2 - S298 C2H2 5/2S298 O2 =

= 70+2213,6-200,8-2,5*205= -216,2 /*;
ΔS= -0,2162 /*.

-

ΔG = ΔΗ- T ΔS, (1.3.7)

ΔG= -1299,6+0,2162*298= -1235,19 /.
, ΔG < 0 - .

. ΔG =-1235,19 .

39. 1 223 323 ( 106 105 ). 1,005 /*. 29.

40. 0,486 /* . ΔS 1 100 150.

41. 1 (5,49 ) (80,2).
126,54 /, 396 /, 1,94 /* .

42. cyp 1 pp cp p yp . 335,2 /, pp 2260 /, cc 4,188 /*K.

43. c p ΔS p capx
cx y p:

2H2S+SO2=2H2O()+3S(); Zn()+H2SO4() = ZnSO4() + H2().
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 +2H2O(r).

44. Op p c

N2+2H2O()=NH4NO2; ΔGo

c p p cp yc.

45. c -eec ΔGo c x pο p cpx yx:

) 32H2=C6H6; ΔGo1;

) CO2+2NH3→NH2-CO-NH2 + H2O(); ΔG2;

) H3-CH2-CH2OH→ CH3-=2 + 2(); ΔG3.

46. H p c, ycο ΔS cyx pc:

) 2NH3()=N2()+3H2();

) CO2()=CO2();

) 2NO()+O2()=2NO2();

) 2H2S()+3O2()=2H2O()+2SO2();

) 2CH3OH()+3O2()=4H2O()+2CO2().

47. p po p:

2A2()+B2()=2A2B().

p p cpχ ycx? c.

48. , p x cy p cp ycx p 298 K:

) N2()+1/2O2() =N2O();

) 4HCl()+ O2 () = 2Cl2 () + 2H2O();

) Fe2O3()+ 3CO()=2Fe()+ 3CO2().

49. ΔG :

CCO3() = ()+CO2()

298 , 773 1773 K. ΔH, ΔS . ΔG , .

50. ΔG298
(II):

) FeO() + 1/2 C() = Fe() + 1/2 C2 ();

)FeO() + C() = Fe() + CO() ;

) FeO() + CO() = Fe() + CO2().

?

51. , ,
( ) :

) 2N 2() + O2 () = 2N2O(); Δ H298>0;

) N2() + O2() = 2NO() ; Δ H298>0;

) 2NO() + O 2() = 2NO2(); Δ H298<0;

) NO() + NO2() = N2 O3 (); Δ H298<0;

) N2() + 2O2() = 2N2() ; Δ H298>0;

52. ΔG298 ,
298 : C; FO; u, PbO; Fe2O3; Cr2O3?

53. H22 :

2H2O() + O2 () = 2N2O2().

54.

() + C() = CO() + C().

55. Δ S 273,15 K, Δ H= 6016,8 /.

 

1.4. .

1. ΔG 2N2()= N2O4() 298 , 273 373 . . . , Δ G = 0. . :

 

ΔΗ298 So298

- / /*K

NO2 () 33,3 240,2

N2O4() 9,6 303,8

 

. :

aA() + bB() ⇄ () + dD()

K
K =(PcC*PdD)/(PaA*PbB)

PA, PB, PC, PD - ,,,D a, b, c, d - .

aA()+bB ( ) ⇄ C ()+dD()
Kc = (CcC*CdD)/(CaA*CbB)

CA, CB, CC, CD - ,,,D a, b, c, d - .

(1.4.1) 2NO2⇄ N2O4

K =PN2O4/P2NO2
298 K (ΔHo ) (1.2.2)

ΔHo = ΔΗ298 N2O4 - 2ΔΗ298 NO2 = 9,6-2*33,5 = -57400 .

(1.3.5)

ΔSo = S298 N2O4 - 2S298 NO2 =303,8-2* (240,2)=-176 /*

-, , , , y , . ΔΗ , ( c ) , - . , opye (1.3.6), , ΔH<O; ΔS < 0 , Δ G < 0 ypax; Δ G < 0 ; Δ G > 0 (. 4 . 1.3). , N24 ( ), NO2 ( ).

ΔGo273; ΔGo298; ΔGo373 K273; K298; K373

(1.3.7):

ΔGo298=ΔHo-TΔSo=-57400-298*(-176)=-4952.,

ΔGo273=-57400-273*(-176)=-9352:

ΔGo373=-57400-373*(-176)= 7129 .

ΔGo298 , ΔGo273 , (298 273 ) .

ΔGo373 . ( ).

p ΔGo

ΔGo=-RTlnKp

p ; R - ; T - . (1.4.3) :

lnK273=- ΔGo273/RT=9352/8,31*273=4,12

K273= 61

lnK298= -ΔGo298/RT=4952/8,31*298=2

K298=7,3

lnK373= -ΔGo373/RT=-7129/8,31*298=-2,3

K373=0,1

298 K273 > 1 ( (1.4.1)) , . K373 < 1, ο ( (1.4.1)).

ΔGo =0 ,

.

, (1.3.7):

ΔG=ΔΗ-TΔSo; O=ΔHo-TΔSo;

TΔG=0 =ΔΗ/ΔS=57400/176=326,19 K

. 326,19 K c , K=1. .

2. NH3 N 2+3 H2==2NH3 623 K 2,32*10-13. .

.

K p= Kc (RT)Δn, (1.4.4)

Δn= n2- n1 =2-4= -2, n1 n2 pea . ,

Kc=Kp/(RT)Δn=0,624*10-5

. = 0,624*10-5.

2. 1154 80380 , 1164 K - 91177 . , 101325 .

. CaCO3() ⇄ CaO()+2()

(1.4.1)

Kp=PCO2
, (1 - 1154 K; Τ =1164 * Τ = X) :

KT1 = 80380; KT2 = 91177; K T3 = 101325.

dlnKp/dT= ΔΗ/RT2 (1.4.5)

p - ; Τ - , ; ΔΗ - ; R - .

(1.4.5) 1-2 Δ H= nst
lnKT1/KT2= ΔΗ/R(1/T1-1/T2),

KT1 KT2 T1 T2.

ΔΗ ( 1.4.6)

ΔΗ=ln(91177*8,31*1154*1164/80380*10)=140500 /.

T3

ln(101325/91177)=140500/8,31(1/1164-1/T3)

T3=1172 K
. =1172 101325 .

 

56. 298 1,75*10-5. ?

57. (ΔGo298) K298 BaS4() → Ba2+() + S2-4(p).

:

S298 /* ΔHo 298/ 2^ 2^

BaSO4() 132,4 -1447,39

Ba2+() 9,64 -533,83

SO2-4 () 18,44 -904,2.

 

58. 473

24() + H2O()=25().
. 3. ΔS ΔH .

59. , ΔHo 298 ΔS298 4HCl+O2 ⇄ 22 + 2l2 , ,

=1, ΔGo = .

60. , 298 1000 :

) 2() + ⇄ 2 + 2

) 2 + () ⇄ 2;

c) N2 + 3H2 ⇄ 2NH3.
ΔHo S .

61. Δ S < . : ) , ) , ) .

62. , ΔSo :

) 2NH3() ⇄ N2() + H2() ;

) CO2() ⇄ CO2();

) 2NO() + O2() = 2NO2();

) 22S() + 3O2 = 2H2O() + 2SO2();

) 23() + 32() = 4H2O() + 22().

63. : ) ΔͰ< 0, ΔS> 0; ) Δ Ͱ<0, ΔS<0; ) Δ Ͱ>0, ΔS> 0?

64. : ) ΔͰ> 0, ΔS> 0; ) Δ Ͱ>0, ΔS<0; ) Δ Ͱ<0, ΔS<0?

65. ΔΗ<0 ΔS<0, :
)| ΔͰ| > |TΔS|; )| ΔͰ| > |TΔS|?

66. :

) N2() + 32() ⇄ 2NH3() ;

) 4Fe() + 32() ⇄ 2Fe2O3();

) SO2() + 2() ⇄ 2SO3().

67. :

1) Cl2 ⇄ CO +Cl2; ΔͰ=113 ;

2) 2 ⇄ 2 + ; ΔͰ=-171 ;

3) 2SO3 ⇄ 2SO2 + O2; ΔͰ=192 .

68. :

1) 2() + S() ⇄ 2S() ;

2) 2CO() ⇄ 2() + ();

3) 4HCl() +2() ⇄ 22() + 2Cl2().

69. :

3() ⇄ () + 2(); ΔͰ=178 ;

2() + 2() ⇄ 22 ; ΔͰ=-566 ;

N2() + 2() ⇄ 2NO() ; ΔͰ=180 .

) ,

) ?

70. , ,

() + 2() ⇄ () + 2()
 1. ΔHo S .

71. +l2 ⇄ Cl2 600 1,67*10-6. .

72. 1000 42189 , 1020 - 80313 . MgC3 ⇄ g+O2 , 1 .

73. S02+1/22⇄SO3 900 2,05810-2. .

74. KT2 T2=1069 K 2 ⇄ + 2, T1 = 1000 K KT1=8,1*10-8, ΔH=-109,5 /.

75. CO() + H2O() ⇄ 2() + 2() 398 , 298 1*105. 298 (ΔG).

 

2.

2.1. .

1. , 18 180 ?

. , 100 . 18+180=198 . 198 18 , 100 X ( %):

18 - 198

X 100

=18*100/198=9,1%

. 18 180 9,1%- .

2. 500 0,1 Μ ?

. () , 1 .

1 56 . 0,1 5,6 . , 1000 0,1 Μ 5,6 , 500 , .. 2,8 .

. 500 0,1 Μ 2,8 , 500 .

3. , 250 24,5.

. Η - , 1 .

250 H2S4 24,5 , 1000 pa X, ,

=24,5*1000/250=98 .

, . 49, , 98 2 -.

, =/1000, - ; - ; - .

, Τ = 2*49/1000 = 0,098 /.

. H2SO4 2 Η (); 0,098 /.

4. 16%- NaOH (α = 1,18).

. 1 16%- ΝaΗ , .. 1000 *1,18 /=1180.

16%- 16 Νa 100 , 1180 1180*16/100=188,8 .

1 NaOH = 40 . , . 40/1=40 . ,

188,8/40=4,72 .

. 4,72 .

5. 0,25 Η BaSO4 , 20 2 Η ?

. . . , , .

. , ;

V1/V2=H2/H1 (2.1.1)

1 2 ; V1 V2 .

V1, (2.1.1) : V1: 20 = 2:0,25, V1=20*2/0,25=160 .

. 160 0,25 .

6. 10%- .

. , 1000 .

100 , 10%- 10 90 . 1000 . (1000*10)/90=111,1 , 111,1/98= 1,13 .

. 10%- 1,13.

1. l 100 5%- ?

2. NaNO3 1,6 10%- ?

3. Na2SO4 400 8%- ?

4. l 250 10%- , 1,05?

5. , 3
175,5 ?

6. Ν 125 0,15 Μ ?

7. ΗΝΟ3 200 0,1 Μ HNO3?

8. 0,1 Μ 7,1 Na2SO4?

9. Na2CO3 500 0,1 H ?

10. 200 1 Η N, 0,05 Η ?

11. 0,2 Η Fe(0H)3 , 100 0,5 Η ?

12. 20 0,1 Η 8 . 1 ?

13. 40 24 0,5 Η . ? 0,5 HCl ?

14. , 15 NaCl, 25 0,1 Η AgNO3. NaCl 1 ?

15. 5%- AgNO3 120 0,6 Η AlCl3?

16. 4,7 Η ΝaΗ, 1,175 /3.

17. 10 Η .
1,290 /3.

18. 50 18 . .

19. 800 3 Η 1,2 12%- (α = 1,1). ?

20. 18%- HCl (α =1,09)?

21. X (HCl) 1 . 10 5 0,1 Η Ν. ?

22. 30 20 2 Η . .

2.2.

1. , 5,4 C6H12O6 250 . 1,86o.

. ( )

T3 =K*m (2.2.1)

T3 ;
; m .

m=(g2*1000)/(M*g1), (2.2.2).

g1- ; g2 - ; Μ - .

, (2.2.2) (2.2.1), Δ=K*g2*1000/M*g1.

Μ 6166 = 180 . (2.2.3), ;

Δ=1,86*5,4*1000/180*250=0,223.

. -0,223 .

2. 0,94 C6H5OH 50 0,232. , 1,16.

. :

Δ=E*m=E*g2*1000/M*g1, (2.2.4)

Δ - ; Ε ; g2 , g1 .

(2.2.4),

M=E*g2*1000/Δ*g1=1,16*0,94*1000/0,232*50=94 .

, 94 a.e..

. 94 ...

3. , 0,85 ZnCl2 125 , -0,23o . ZnCl2 .

. (2.2.1) (2.2,4) - i:

Δ=i*K*m; (2.2.5)

Δ= i*E*m; (2.2.6)

, cc ZnCl2 136 ...,

m=0,85*1000/125*136=0,05 .

:

i= Δ/K*m=0,23/1,86*0,05=2,47

i, α n, , , ..

α=(i-1)/(n-1)

:

α = (2,47-1)/(3-1) = 0,735 73,5%.

. = 73,5%.

23. , , 100 4 C10H8.

24. , 100 9 C6H12O6?

25. 50%- C12 H22 O11?

26. C12 H22 O11 100 , 1o?

27. 23 383, 100,104?

28. C6H12O6 260 , 0,05?

29. , 5,4 200 , 100,078. .

30. , 2 200 , -0,547. .

31. , 6,15 150 , -0,93. .

32. 2,76 C3H8O3 200 0,279o C. .

33. , 2 25O 8 , . .

34. , 2,7 C6H5OH 75 , 3,5, 5,5. .

35. 118,4. 3,1. , 10 164 , 119,53. .

36. - ,

<== | ==>
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: 2017-03-11; !; : 1020 |

:

:

- , , .
==> ...

1732 - | 1512 -


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