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1. , .

, .

, .

.

.

a + b = b + a (4 + 2 = 2 + 4)

, .

(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) = (a + c) + b

(2 + 4) + 8 = 2 + (4 + 8) = (2 + 8) + 4

3. .

2 + 2 + 2 = 2 3 = 6

2 ;

3 , , 2.

a ∙ 1 = a 1 ∙ a = a 0 ∙ a = 0 a ∙ 0 = 0

4 ∙ 1 = 4 1 ∙ 4 = 4 0 ∙ 6 = 0 6 ∙ 0 = 0

.

a b = b a 2 5 = 5 2

, . (a b) c = a (b c) = (a c) b

(2 5) 3 = 2 (5 3) = (2 3) 5

.

(a + b + c) d = a d + b d + c d

, , .

(a b) c = a c b c

4. , .

6:2=3

a: 1 = a 0: a = 0 a: a = 1

8: 1 = 8 0: 8 = 0 8: 8 = 1

!

, , .

(a + b): c = a: c + b: c

, , .

(a b): c = a: c b: c

.

(a b): c = (a: c) b = a (b: c)

, .

a: (b: c) = (a: b) c

, . , .

(a: b): c = a: (b c) (a: b): c = (a: c): b

5.:

5.1. ,

*3=6 =6:3

5.2. , . 6: = 2 = 6: 2

, .

: 2 = 3 = 3 2

5.3. ,

+2=6 =6-2

5.4. ,

-2=6 =6+2

5.5. ,

3+=9 =9-3

5.6. :

6: = 2

= 6: 2

=3

6:3=2

: =3

1 = 10

1 = 10

1 = 10 = 100 = 1000

1 = 1000 = 10 000 = 100 000

1 = 1000

1 = 100

1 = 10 = 1000

1 = 60 1 = 60 = 3600

1 = 24

1 = 7

1 = 30 31 ( 28 29 )

1 = 12 = 52 = 365 366

1 () = 100

7.1. , , , ( ).

1 2

70 26 + 10 = 54

7.2. , , , .

1 2

36: 9 3 = 12

7.3. , .

2 1

80 (46 14) = 48

2 1

6 (30 20) = 60

2 1

90: (2 5) = 9

7.4. , ( +, ,,:), , .

1 3 1

6 5 + 40: 2 = 50

2 1 3

72 24: 6 + 2 = 70

8.1. 8.2.



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