-
( )
-
2005
803.0:33 (0758)
81.2
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- / . - : , 2005. - 84.
- . . .
.
, 2005
.., 2005
, - .
4 , 5 . . : , , , , . .
1- 2- .
1
:
1. . . . , .
2. . . asas; not soas; the more, the less....
3. .
4. : , , , , .
5. .
6. (, ) .
7. . It is cold. there is/are.
1
.
|
|
|
s/es :
| a student students | |
| a box boxes | |
| a story stories | |
| a tomato - tomatoes | - |
f/fe, ves:
| a knife knives | |
| a wife - wives | - |
, :
| a man men | |
| a woman women | |
| a foot feet | |
| a tooth teeth | |
| a child children | |
| a sheep sheep | |
| a datum - data |
.
:
| a goose - geese | - |
2
. :
| a trade union conference | |
| a library book | , |
| a high school kids |
:
The economics teacher asked the students to tell her about their summer training in banks.
.
3
:
1) :
| Ben's car | |
| the cat's tail |
2) , , , , :
| Russia's economy | |
| the Titanic's cabins |
3) :
| the company's staff |
4) :
| Ann's colleagues |
5) , , :
| a two week's vacation | |
| a mile's distance | 1 |
| five dollars' worth | 5 |
6) :
| men's clothes |
- 's: Bob's boss .
, -e(s), : the workers' wages .
-'s: women's hats .
4
, .
, y, er, -le, -ow, er - est.
| big | bigger | the biggest |
| happy | happier | the happiest |
| clever | cleverer | the cleverest |
| simple | simpler | the simplest |
| narrow | narrower | the narrowest |
|
|
|
more (the) most .
| useful | more useful | the most useful |
, :
| good | better | the best |
| bad | worse | the worst |
| little | less | the least |
:
| late | 1) later 2) latter ( ) | 1) the latest ( ) 2) the last ( ), |
5
:
as , ,
as...as... - ..., ...
not as...as... - ..., ...
not so... as... - ..., ...
much + () - ...
far + () - ...
| the + () , | the + () - ..., ... |
:
| e is as tall as his father. | , . |
| It's clear as day. | . |
| The more, the better. March is not so cold as February. , . | , . |
6
4 : , ( ) , , .
1. (the Infinitive) : ?.
to.
, to mark , ; to make .
2. () ed :
to mark marked .
(Past Simple) () : to make made - .
3. (Participle II) ed- to:
to mark marked .
.
, to make made - .
4. (Participle I) ing :
- marking , making .
:
| To mark marked - marked - marking | |
| To make made - made - making |
7
(Simple Tenses) , , , .
:
| Present Simple | Past Simple | Future Simple |
| I (you, we, they) work / write He (she, it) works / writes | worked wrote | I (we) shall work / write I (you, he, she, it, we, they) will work / write |
to be () :
|
|
|
| Present Simple | Past Simple | Future Simple |
| I am He (she, it) is you (we, they) are | I (he, she, it) was You (we, they) were | I (we) shall be I (you, he, she, it, we, they) will be |
:
I drink coffee in the morning. .
Drink - Present Simple Active to drink - .
The conference began at 10 o'clock. 10
Began - Past Simple Active to begin - .
We shall start to work tomorrow. .
Shall start - Future Simple Active to start -
8
there is/are , , . .
there is (Present Simple), there was (Past Simple), there will be (Future Simple) .
There is a good theatre in our town.
.
there are (Present Simple), there were (Past Simple), there will be (Future Simple) .
There were five people at the bus stop.
.
9
it. (to be, to get, to become .) , , .
:
| It is late. | . |
| It is spring now. | . |
| Its 9 oclock. | 9 . |
10
:
was born.
1
1. . :
An economist, an exercise-book, a machine, a city, a man, a policeman, a knife, a sanatorium, a boy, a deer, a pager.
2. , . :
1. The mathematics teacher entered the lecture room. 2. I received a wedding invitation from my old friend. 3. My elder brother Bob is a college student. 4. There were a lot of spectators at the city stadium.
3. , :
1. I read today's paper in the morning. 2. Many tourists visit Moscow's museums. 3. This is my brother's car. 4. The students' books were on the table.
4. , :
Small, cool, easy, simple, large, little, good, useful, short, profitable.
5. , :
1. father works as a rescuer. 2. She is as good a cook as her mother is. 3. This
task is not so easy as you think it is. 4. You are younger than your friend. 5. This work is much better than that one. 6. The bigger is the city, the heavier is the traffic.
6. :
Be, bear, have, marry, work, sell, look, weigh, wrap, dream, enter, attend, get, make, take, enjoy, want, become, begin, end.
|
|
|
7. . -
:
1. The Earth goes round the Sun. 2. The Great Patriotic War began in 1941 and ended in 1945. 3. Coca-Cola is a favorite drink with many people. 4. My brother will go to university next year.
8. , there is/are:
1. There are a lot of modern buildings in the center of the city. 2. There were a lot of financial documents on the book-keeper's desk. 3. There will be 30 people at the reception. 4. There was much traffic on the road at night. 5. There is a car at the entrance to the house.
9. , :
1. It is dark. 2. It's important to have good education. 3. It was 7 o'clock. 4. It gets light at 5 o'clock in the morning. 5. It was summer.
10. :
About Myself
Hello! I am Anna Vetrova. I am from Shakhty, Rostov region. I am 25. I was born in Rostov-on-Don, my parents moved to this city. I am married. I have a husband and a son. My husband works as an engineer. My son goes to a nursery school.
I have to support my family, and I work as a shop-assistant in a small food shop. It is a combined bakery and grocery. Bread, cakes, biscuits, flour, sugar, tinned foods and some other products are sold in the shop. We are open from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. I work on day shift. My working day begins at 7 a.m. and ends at 2 p.m. I work on weekdays. My days off are on Sunday. My salary is not very high. I get 1800 roubles a month. My responsibility is to serve customers. I sell things to customers and help them to find what they are looking for. Sometimes I weigh products, package them in boxes or wrap them up in paper. I like serving people. The worst part of the job is cleaning up at the end of the day - it is such a bore.
I dream of becoming a manager in a shop. I am an extra-mural student at the Shakhty Branch of Novocherkassk State Technical University. I entered the university last year. I am a first-year student. I attend lectures, classes and seminars twice a year: in January and in June. Then I have tests and examinations. It is difficult for me to combine work with studies. But I hope I will get good and excellent marks in all subjects. This year we are taking mathematics, physics, political science, social science and English. I look forward to studying specialized disciplines: economics, accounting, management, marketing, statistics and logistics. I enjoy mixing with my fellow students. We have common interests. All of us want to be good specialists.
11. :
, , , , , , , , , , , , -, , , , , , , , , .
12. :
1. Where does Anna work?
2. How much does she make?
3. What is her responsibility at work?
4. Where does Anna study?
5. What does Anna dream to become?
13. .
2
1. . :
A manager, a notebook, a car, a lorry, a woman, a sportsman, a life, a datum, a day, a means, a calculator.
2. , . :
1. The doctor prescribed the patient memory pills. 2. Many people were present at the wedding ceremony. 3. The manager answered a lot of business letters through e-mail. 4. There are usually a lot of people in the city park.
3. , :
1. I remember yesterday's conversation with my chief. 2. Many people see the capital's sights every year.3. This is my friend's house. 4. The children's room is upstairs.
4. , :
|
|
|
Big, warm, dirty, clever, dark, good, bad, beautiful, heavy, interesting.
5. , :
1. They are as busy as we are. 2. The night was as hard as the day. 3. Your flat is not as large as his. 4. He is stronger that his rival. 5. This assignment is much more difficult than that one. 6. The more interesting is the play, the more spectators come to the theatre.
6. :
Get, wake, ring, switch on, go, brush, prepare, leave, take, employ, help, show, begin, finish, do, study, watch.
7. . :
1. Oranges and lemons grow in warm countries. 2. William Shakespeare died in 1616. 3. McDonald's is one of the most prosperous companies in the world.
4. My sister will become a manager.
8. , there is/are:
1. There is a bank near the theatre. 2. There were a lot of books in the library. 3. There will be several successful businessmen at the cocktail party. 4. There is little furniture in the office. 5. There are many flowers in the yard.
9. , :
1. It is hot. 2. It's necessary to work hard at your English. 3. It was 7 p.m.
4. It gets dark early in winter. 5. It was late spring.
10. :
My working day
My alarm clock rings and wakes me up at 6 o'clock. I switch on the television, make my bed and do my morning exercises. I go to the bathroom, clean my teeth, wash and brush my hair.
Then I go to the kitchen and prepare a light breakfast. My husband, my son and I have meals in the kitchen. I lay the table and we have sandwiches, a cup of coffee and cakes.
We leave home at half past seven. My husband takes our son to the kindergarten and goes to work. His office is not far from our house. I go to work by bus. It takes me 20 minutes to get to the office.
I am employed by a private trade company. I'm a trainee in the Accounting Department. I did an accounting course last year. I work under the chief accountant. She helps me to learn the skills needed for the job. My colleagues explain to me how to prepare financial reports, income statements, and balance sheets.
I work an eight-hour day, Monday to Friday. I begin work at 8 a.m. and finish work at 5 p.m. I have a break for lunch at 12 o'clock. My colleagues and I usually go to a cafe. I have meat, salad and a glass of juice for lunch.
After work I do the shopping. I come home, and prepare a meal. My husband and I usually have meat, spaghetti, rolls and a cup of tea. I wash the dishes, and tidy up the flat.
Then I do my homework because I am a first-year student of an Extra-Mural Faculty. I study economics. After graduation I would like to go into management.
I usually read my textbooks, do tests, prepare term papers. I borrow all the necessary textbooks from the institute library. Sometimes I have to go to the reading-room and study there.
In the evening my husband and I go for a walk, watch TV or read books, newspapers and magazines. I take a shower and go to bed at 11 o'clock.
11. :
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
12. :
1. When do you get up?
2. What do you eat for breakfast?
3. What is your place of work?
4. What year are you in at the institute?
5. What faculty are you in?
13. .
3
1. . :
A banker, a computer, a bus, a story, a foot, a businessman, a wife, a nucleus, a toy, a sheep, a player.
2. , . :
1. A programmer is a specialist who writes computer programmes. 2. The theatre is situated in the city centre. 3. This engineer works on night shift. 4. There are a lot of holiday-makers on the town beach.
3. , :
1. We shall speak about it at tomorrow's lesson. 2. The city's streets are wide and clean. 3. I buy bread at the baker's. 4. The children's mother is a book-keeper.
4. , :
Hot, young, happy, narrow, light, bad, good, difficult, angry, flexible..
5. , :
1. She is as clever as her sister. 2. She is as good a teacher as her grand mother was. 3. You salary is not as good as hers. 4. In winter days are shorter and nights are longer than in summer. 5. This book is much more interesting than that one. 6. The higher are the prices, the less people buy.
6. :
Be, occupy, found, organize, provide, head, incorporate, attend, establish, take, study, deliver, consist, begin, end, make, write, come, work, get.
7. . -
:
1. Our planet is round. 2. Primitive people lived in caves. 3. Some people say that Colgate is the best toothpaste in the world. 4. I will be an accountant.
8. , there is/are:
1. There are a lot of students in the lecture hall. 2. There were two visitors in the office. 3. I think there will be hundreds of people at the meeting. 4. There were few industrial enterprises in the town some decades ago.5. There is a food shop not far from my house.
9. , :
1. It is warm. 2. It's important to read a lot. 3. It was 3 a.m.4. It got dark at 5 p.m. 5. It was early morning.
10. :
My day off
I work on weekdays and Saturdays. So I get Sundays as my day off. From time to time my boss asks me to go in on my day off when there is a lot of work in the office. I don't like it, but I have to. Besides, extra work is paid and I earn overtime. Luckily, it happens not very often.
On Sundays my husband and I get up later than usual. We have breakfast and go shopping. There are a lot of different shops in the city. I like to do all the shopping in the nearest shop or in the market. We buy meet, fish, vegetables and dairy products. Then we return home and tidy up the flat together.
My husband and I prefer to dine out on Sunday. There are a lot of good cafes and restaurants in the city. We often meet our friends downtown or in the park. Sometimes we go to the cinema or theatre together. There is a good drama theatre in the city. I am fond of comedies and musicals.
We like to go to see our friends. They have a house in the suburb. There is a nice garden full of fruit trees and flowers near the house. I enjoy staying in the fresh air. When the weather is nasty, we watch video films and discuss different subjects.
When my husband and I come back home, we watch TV, read books, newspapers and magazines. After supper I wash the dishes and do my homework. Then I have a bath and go to bed.
11. :
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
12. :
1. When do you have your day off?
2. What do you do on your day off?
3. What do you like to do on your day off?
4. Do you go to the park on Sunday?
5. Do you visit your friends on your day off?
13. .
4
1. . :
A dealer, an eraser, a train, a baby, a tooth, a postman, a shelf, a radius, a play, a fish, a telephone.
2. , . :
1. Most people think that cell phones and pagers are useful. 2. Our tennis players won the city tennis tournament last year. 3. The university building is old and beautiful. 4. There are a lot of people in the city centre.
3. , :
1. I didn't like yesterday's show. 2. A lot of people visit London's places of interest. 3. They live at a mile's distance. 4. The employees' salaries are low.
4. , :
Long, sweet, busy, clear, messy, late, bad, careful, silly, amusing.
5. , :
1. She is as beautiful as her mother. 2. He is as good an economist as his colleague is. 3. His factory is not so profitable as yours. 4. In the Crimea winters are warmer than in the central part of the country. 5. This job is much more interesting than yours. 6. The warmer is the weather, the more people are at the seaside.
6. :
Study, be, train, establish, found, work, take, specialize, make, get, do, start, finish, dream, leave, sit, stand, stay, receive.
7. . -
:
1. The Volga runs into the Caspian Sea. 2. Jonathan Swift wrote Gulliver's Travels when he was about 60. 3. Levis is a trademark of popular and fashionable jeans. 4. My family will go to the seaside in the summer.
8. , there is/are:
1. There are several computer rooms in the institute. 2. There was a telephone on the desk. 3. There will be four or five guests at her birthday party. 4. There are 27 industrial enterprises in the city. 5. There is a bus stop near my house.
9. , :
1. It is cold. 2. It's necessary to be in time for work. 3. It was 10 o'clock. 4. It got light at 6. 5. It was winter.
10. :
Our Institute
I am a first-year student of the Shakhty Branch of South Russia State Technical University.
Our institute is situated in the center of the city. It occupies a big beautiful five-storeyed building. There is a green square in front of the institute.
The Institute was founded in 1958. It was established for training engineers for the mining industry of the Rostov region. It is one of the most important higher schools in the town. The high standard of teaching is provided by the skilled teaching staff. The total enrollment is about 2.500 students. The institute is headed by the director.
There are six faculties at the institute. They are the Mining Construction Faculty, the Faculty of Mechanics and Technology, the Faculty of Humanities and Economics, the Faculty of Qualification Improvement, the Preparatory Faculty and the Faculty of Extra-Mural and Distance Education. Each faculty is headed by the dean. The institute has a college.
The Extra-Mural Faculty is involved with part-time students. Extra-mural students either attend classes twice a week or study by correspondence.
The Department of Economics and Law was established in 1993. The Department of Management and Marketing was organized in 2000. conomic students study general sciences, humanities and specialized subjects. They take mathematics, physics, chemistry, technical drawing, computing. The students also study social sciences and foreign languages. Qualified lecturers deliver lectures on economics, accounting, advertising, marketing, statistics, logistics and management. After completing the course of training and passing the exams young people are qualified as economists, managers and lawyers.
The academic year consists of two terms. The first term begins in September and ends in December. The second term begins in February and ends in May. Extra-mural students write tests in different subjects and send them to the institute. In January and June they come to the institute and take tests and examinations. The term of part-time tuition is 6 years.
In the institute there is a library, a reading-room, lecture halls, computer rooms, well-equipped laboratories, gymnasiums and a sports ground.
After graduation from the institute young people work in banks, plants, mines, and private companies.
11. :
, , , - , , - , , - , - , - , , , , -, , , , , , , , , , , , , .
12. :
1. What higher school do you study at?
2. When was the institute founded?
3. How often do extra-mural students attend classes?
4. What is the term of part-time tuition?
5. Where do young specialists work after graduation?
13. , .
5
1. . :
A broker, a printer, a plane, a lady, a child, an Englishman, a half, an antenna, a tray, a works, a device.
2. , . :
1. Computer users say that the Internet saves time and money. 2. Many people go in for summer sports. 3. The company headquarters are in Moscow. 4. There are a lot of customers in the trade centre.
3. , :
1. We spoke about today's meeting. 2. Londoners like to spend their free time in the capital's parks. 3. Where can I buy women's clothes? 4. The workers' wages are high.
4. , :
Cold, broad, nasty, strong, brave, near, little, inventive, tall, pleasant.
5. , :
1. She is a busy as a bee. 2. She is as experienced a book-keeper as her friend is. 3. Your business is not so profitable as his. 4. In the northern part of Russia summers are cooler than in the south. 5. This businessman is much more successful than your friend. 6. The better is advertising, the more goods are sold.
6. :
Give, take, break, begin, finish, receive, add, develop, have, believe, send, go, travel, work, be, study, learn, make, like, love.
7. . :
1. Canada is located in North America. 2. Walter Scott's first novel appeared in 1814. 3. Wrigles is a trademark of chewing gum made by US company Wrigley and sold all over the world. 4. My brother will take his driving test next month.
8. , there is/are:
1. There is a language laboratory on the fourth floor. 2. There was a Xerox-copier near the window. 3. There will be hundreds of new books at the book exhibition. 4. There is little coffee in the coffee-pot. 5. There are several higher educational institutions in the city.
9. , :
1. It is cool. 2. It's important to find a good job. 3. It was 9 o'clock. 4. It got dark early in the evening. 5. It was autumn.
10. :
My Speciality
I am a first-year student at the Shakhty Branch of South Russia State Technical University.
I'm happy to study here, because this university is one of the best higher educational establishments in the south of Russia. It was founded in Novocherkassk in 1906. At that time it was called the Don Polytechnic Institute. Since then the university has trained a lot of qualified specialists for different branches of the Russian economy. The Shakhty Branch was established in 1958. Skilled lecturers and teachers work at the institute. It trains engineers, economists, managers and sociologists. I study in the Extra-Mural Faculty. I take a course of economics. Economics is the oldest of the social sciences studying economy: the production of wealth in a society and the consumption of money, the development of industry and trade. Economics formulates laws and principles of economic development. An economy is the system according to which the money, industry, and trade of a country or region are organized.
My specialization is Economy and Management at the Enterprise. At the institute we study many important specialized subjects: economics, accounting, advertising, marketing, statistics, logistics and management.
Full-time students get practical training in offices, banks and mines. Part-time students support their practical experience with theoretical knowledge and research. After completing the course of training young specialists are qualified as managers-economists and managers-lawyers.
Graduates of the institute can work in different plants, factories and companies. They fill positions in production, accounting, marketing and advertising departments.
The profession of an economist is very useful and important. Economists help to determine the economic strategy of a company or enterprise. They study the economic situation and predict future changes on the market and aid in taking business decisions. Economists forecast a situation that is good financially for an individual or a company to buy or sell goods or shares.
A manager is a person who is responsible for running a department of an organization, enterprise, shop or business. They put the business goals into practice and control the activities of the organization. They conduct negotiations, conclude contracts. Managers hire and fire employees.
Economists-lawyers are specialists in business law ( ) and labour law ( ). They ensure legality of business activity.
In the future I hope to get a well-paid job with a prosperous company. I work hard and do my best to make a good economist.
11. :
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
12. :
1. What year are you in?
2. What higher school are you at?
3. What is you speciality?
4. What subjects do you take at the institute?
5. What do you want to become?
13. .
2
:
1. .
2. (, ) .
3. (, ) .
4. (, ) .
5. : ) , : can, may ; ) , : must , should, ought to.
6. let.
7. .
8. .
9. . .
10. .
1
.
, .
The secretary sent the letter yesterday. .
, .
The letter was sent yesterday. .
to be (3- ) .
:
| Present Simple | Past Simple | Future Simple |
| I am asked/taught | I (he,she, it) was asked/taught | I (we) shall be asked/taught |
| You are asked/taught He (she, it) is asked/taught | You (we, they) were asked/taught | I (we, you, he, she, it, they) will be asked/taught |
| We are asked/taught | ||
| They are asked/taught |
:
1. The man showed us the way.
.
Showed Past Simple Active to show ().
2. The telegramme was received on Friday.
.
Was received Past Simple Passive to receive ().
2
, .
to be (4- ) .
:
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | Future Continuous |
| I am working You (we, they) are working He (she, it) is working | I (he, she, it) was working You (we, they) were working | I (we) shall be working I (you, he, she, it, we, they) will be working |
:
He is working at his term paper now. .
Is working Present Continuous Active to work .
3
Present Continuous .
We are having a party tonight. .
to be going .
I am going to take part in the conference. .
He is going to fail his examination tomorrow. .
4
Present Continuous Past Continuous , , .
:
| Present Continuous Passive | I am being asked/sent You (we, they) are being asked/sent He (she, it) is being asked/sent |
| Past Continuous Passive | I (he, she, it) was being asked/sent You (we, they) were being asked/sent |
:
The speaker is being listened to with great attention.
.
Is being listened - Present Continuous Passive to listen - .
5
, , - let (, ). let to.
Let me think. .
Let him go. .
Let her wait. .
Let us get down to business. .
Let´s go for a coffee. .
Let the children stay at home. .
6
can (could) , , , .
can () , could () . to be able to shall/will be able to ().
Can you swim? ?
I could swim well when I was young. .
In a year you will be able to swim well. .
may , , , .
may (, , ) , might (, ) . to be allowed to, shall/will be permitted to.
- May I come in? ?
- Yes, you may. , . No, you may not. , .
We thought we might meet you there. , , , .
I hope you will be allowed to join us. , .
, can (could) may .
Can/Could/May I have your book, please? ?
7
must , , , , . must . have to (, ). must had to ( , ), shall/will have to.
Must I write it down? ?
I had to go to work yesterday. / .
You will have to go shopping. .
must not .
You mustn´t miss your lessons. .
8
should ought to , , , , , . .
You shouldnt do it this way. .
You ought to do it my way. -.
9
when, as soon as ( ), until, till ( ), before ( ), after ( ) .
Call me when your father comes home. , .
if (), unless ( ), provided ( ), in case ( ) .
You will not go to the disco unless you finish your homework. , .
, (Present Simple Present Perfect).
:
Dont disturb me unless something unexpected happens.
, - .
unless something unexpected happens .
10
, . . .
, economics .
.
, magazine .
.
1
1. . -:
1. Important documents are kept by the secretary in the safe. 2. The manager told us about his business trip to the USA. 3. The exhibition was organized by five famous trading companies. 4. Russia has trade relations with many countries. 5. You will be invited to the party.
2. . -:
1.The shop-assistant is serving customers now. 2. They were having their breakfast at 8 oclock. 3. Dont phone me. Ill be working. 4. It was raining the whole day. 5. While the students were doing a test the teacher was checking the students essays.
3. , Present Continuous :
1. The director is coming back tomorrow. 2. It is going to rain. 3. Were going to the disco tonight. 4. Whom are you inviting to the party? 5. What are doing tonight?
4. . -:
1. The documents are being typed now. 2. When the manager came in, the terms of delivery were being discussed by the experts. 3. The book was published last year. 4. A new shopping center is being built in our street. 5. The students are reading a text about the economy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
5. let:
1. Let me see (). 2. Let him tell us the truth. 3. Let her go to the party on Sunday. 4. Lets get down to business. 5. Let them talk in private.
6. , can, may :
1. Can you operate a computer? 2. You can play tennis, cant you? 3. Can / Could you tell me the time? 4. You can / may borrow my pen if you want to. 5. Nobody will be able to help you if you dont want to work hard. 6. It may rain tonight.
7. , must :
1. You must be at home at 9 oclock. 2. You must not park your car here. 3. Its too late. I must go. 4. I was ill and had to stay at home yesterday. 5. I dont remember this rule. I will have to revise it.
8. , should ought to:
1. You shouldnt do that. 2. What should we do? 3. I ought to visit my grandparents more often. 4. She oughtnt to be rude to her teachers.
9. . :
1. I will be ready before you come home. 2. If you have any questions, then dont hesitate to write. 3. Write me a postcard if you have time. 4. Come to see me after you finish work.
10. . , :
An economist, a computer, production, a pensioner, repetition, a businessman, conservative, to protect, religious, culture.
11. :
