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English in the 21st century
:
I. :
transition [trasn'zi∫n] ;
competitive [kam 'petativ] ,
availability [ə.veilə'bilti]
threat [θret]
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penetration [.pene'trei∫n]
billion [ 'biljan] ;
competence ['kompitens] ;
mail [meil]
retrieval [ri'tri:vl]
store [sto:]
exceed [ik'si:d]
genre ['onrə]
obscure [əb'skjuə]
encompass [in'kΛmpəs]
alert [ə'l3:t]
findings [faindiŋz]
executives [ig'zekjutivz]
entrepreneur [.ntəprə`n:]
negotiate [ni.gəu∫ieit]
acceptability [ək,septə 'biləti]
overall [.əuvə`ro:l] ;
border [bo:də]
redefine [,ri:di'fain]
mediated [`mi:dieitid]
gap [gǽp]
fairly ['feəli] ,
cognates ['kogneits]
borrow ['borəu]
Hebrew ['hi:bru:]
guard [ga:d]
purity ['pjuərəti]
diversity [dai 'v3:səti]
unity [ju:nəti]
core [ko:]
inject [in'dekt]
unpredictable [.Λnpri'diktəbl]
precedent ['presidənt]
genuine ['denjuin] ,
pattern [pǽtn]
supra- ['su:prə] -, -
exert pressure [ig`z:t]
decline [di'klain]
vehicle [vi:ikl]
lingua franca [.liŋgwə'frǽŋkə] -
oligopoly [o'ligəupəuli]
shift [∫ift]
allegiance [ə'lidəns]
substantial [səb'stǽn∫l]
occur [ə'k:]
community [kə'mju:nəti] ,
supplement ['sΛplimənt]
boundary ['baundəri] /
tool [tu:l]
expand [iks'pǽnd]
II. 3(Worldwide), 5(When Mexican), 9(English, like many languages) .
English in the 21st century
1. The world is in various stages of social, economic, and demographic transition. Economically and politically, the world has changed more rapidly in the past few years than at any time since 1945. The emerging global economy is both competitive and interdependent. It reflects the availability of modern communications and production technologies in most parts of the world. So, do we need to be concerned about the future of the English language in the 21st century? English continues to be the world standard language, and there is no major threat to the language or to its global popularity. But, changes are coming.
Spread of English
2. The global spread of English over the last 40 years is remarkable. It is unprecedented in several ways: by the increasing number of users of the language; by its depth of penetration into societies; by its range of functions.
3. Worldwide over 1.4 billion people live in countries where English has official status. One out of five of the worlds population speaks English with some degree of competence. And one in five over one billion people is learning English. Over 70% of the world's scientists read English. About 85% of the world's mail is written in English. And 90% of all information in the worlds electronic retrieval systems is stored in English.
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4. English is used for more purposes than ever before. Vocabularies, grammatical forms, and ways of speaking and writing have emerged influenced by technological and scientific developments, economics and management, literature and so on. What began some 1.500 years ago as a rude language, originally spoken by obscure Germanic tribes who invaded England, now encompasses the globe.
5. When Mexican pilots land their airplanes in France, they and the ground controllers use English. When German physicists want to alert the international scientific community to new discoveries, they first publish their findings in English. When Japanese executives conduct business with Scandinavian entrepreneurs, they negotiate in English. When pop singers write their songs, they often use lyrics or phrases in English. When demonstrators want to alert the world to their problems, they display signs in English.
6. Three factors continue to contribute to this spread of English: English usage in science, technology and commerce; the ability to incorporate vocabulary from other languages; and the acceptability of various English dialects.
7. In science, English replaced German after World War II. With this technical and scientific dominance came the beginning of overall linguistic dominance, first in Europe and then globally.
8. Today, the information age has replaced the industrial age and has compressed time and distance. This is transforming world economics from industrial production to information-based goods and services. Ignoring geography and borders, the information revolution is redefining our world. In less than 20 years, information processing, once limited to the printed word, has given way to computers and the Internet. Computer-mediated communication is closing the gap between spoken and written English. It encourages more informal conversational language, and has resulted in Internet English replacing the authority of language institutes and practices.
9. English, like many languages, uses a phonetic alphabet and fairly basic syntax. But most importantly, it has a large and extensive vocabulary, of which about 80% is foreign. Therefore, it has cognates from virtually every language in Europe and has borrowed words from Spanish and French, Hebrew and Arabic, Hindi-Urdu and Bengali, Malay and Chinese, as well as languages from West Africa and Polynesia. This language characteristic makes it unique in history.
10. Finally, no English language central authority guards the purity of the language, therefore, many dialects have developed: American, British, Canadian, Indian, and Australian, to name a few. There is no standard pronunciation. But within this diversity is a unity of grammar and one set of core vocabulary. Thus, each country that speaks the language can inject aspects of its own culture into the usage and vocabulary.
11. However, the future is unpredictable, as there are no precedents to help us predict what happens to a language when it achieves genuine world status.
Conclusion
12. English has been an international language for only 60 years. If the pattern follows the previous language trends, we still have about 100 years before a hew language dominates the world. However, this does not mean that English is replacing or will replace other languages as many fear. Instead, it may supplement or co-exist with languages by allowing strangers to communicate across linguistic boundaries. It may become one tool that opens windows to the world, unlocks doors to opportunities, and expands our minds to new ideas.
III. , , +, , 0
1. English is used in medicine.
2. Over 1.4 billion people live in countries where English is official language.
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3. It is normal that English is studied in schools and universities.
4. French replaced German after World War II in science.
5. When Japanese executive conduct business with Scandinavian entrepreneurs. They negotiate in English.
6. English has large and extensive vocabulary, of which about 80% is native.
7. There is no standard pronunciation in English.
8. The world is only in one stage of economic transition.
9. English continues to borrow words from Spanish and French, Hebrew and Arabic, Hindi-Urdu and Bengali.
10. English, like many languages, uses a phonetic alphabet and basic syntax.
IV. .
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The title () of the article is
- This article deals with the most important questions, such as
- For example, about government, laws of society, the education, health, sport, and so on.
- The author () of this article is
- The main idea of this article is
- To show () events
- To describe ()
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- This article is taken from... ()
- In conclusion () I want to say that this article is very interesting, because it helps me to know more about
- I dont like this article, because it is hard to understand and I am not interested in topic of
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1. What is the global spread of English determined by?
2. What is the number of people who live in countries, where English has official status?
3. When did the development of English start?
4. Why is English so popular in the world?
5. What are three factors of English language spread?
6. From what language does English continue to borrow the words?
7. What are dialects of English?
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1. Who is the outstanding person, you wrote about?
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2. In what sphere of knowledge did he/she work?
3. What is his/her contribution to the world science?
| MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, THE YOUTH AND SPORT OF UKRAINE ODESSA NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC UNIVERCITY KHERSON POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE NAME AND SURNAME OF THE FAMOUS PERSON Report Students name and surname Group Kherson 20__ |
:
1. www.multitran.ru
2. www.wikipedia.org
3. Oxford English for Electrical and Mechanical Engineering. Eric H. Glendenning, Normal Glendenning, Oxford University Press, 2006, - 189p.
4. Careers in Focus. Mechanics. Third Edition. Info based Publishing, 2008 209p.
5. Dictionary of Engineering, Second Edition, McGraw - Hill, 2008-656p.
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| The school of mechanical engineering at Leeds | ||
| The MEng in Automotive Engineering |
School of mechanical engineering
Automotive Engineering
This exciting new degree is specially aimed at providing students with the skills necessary to make an immediate impact in the automobile industry and related fields. The school of mechanical engineering at Leeds is strongly placed to offer such a course,having an established reputation in all its existing undergraduate and postgraduate courses, as well as a considerable international reputation in automotive research. The school has links with most of the major manufactures and the geographical location of Leeds ensures access to most of the automotive component industries in the North of England. The automotive industry in both the UK and many overseas countries has a demand for highly trained engineering graduates.with skills in analysis,design,manufacture and management. If the UK automotive can remain competitive in the European scene,then there are huge commercial implications, as the road transport industry in Europe is worth 350 billion,with a pool of 165 million cars,buses and trucks.Europe remains the leading car producer in the world ahead of Japan and USA. The MEng in Automotive Engineering is a popular degree which combines core modules in Mechanical Engineering with more specialized module in:
vehicle design and performance vehicle dynamics engine typology engine combustion vehicle drive train engineering
:
1.How is new degree aimed?
2. What links does the school have?
3.What demands does the automotive industry have?
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1. . - .-: , 2003.-195.
2. . . .-, 1995
3. Heywood,J.B.Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals.London:McGrau-Hill,1988.
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The engineering profession
Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history.Without the skills included in the broad field of engineering,our present -day civilization never could have evolved. The first tool-makers who chipped arrows and spears from rock were the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers. The craftsmen who discovered metals in the earth and found -ays to refine and use them were the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers.And the skilled technicians who devised irrigation systems and erected the marvellous building of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time.
Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. Many of the early branches of engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience.
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The great engineering works of ancient times were constructed and operated largely by means of slave labor.During the Middle Ages people began to seek devices and methods of work that were more efficient and
humane.Wind, water and animals were used to provide energy for some of these new devices.This led to the Industrial Revolution that began in the eighteenth century.First steam engines and then other kinds of machines took over more and more of the work that had previously been done by human beings or by animals. James Watt, one of the key figures in the early development of steam engines, devised the concept of horsepower to make his customers understand the amount of work his machines could perform.
Since the nineteenth century both scientific research and practical application of its results have escalated.The mechanical engineer now has the mathematical ability to calculated the mechanical advantage that result from the complex interaction of many different mechanisms. He or
she also has new and stronger materials to work with and enormous new sources of power. The Industrial Revolution began by putting water and steam to work;since then machines using electricity, gasoline and other energy sources have become so widespread that they now do a very large proportion of the work of the world.
:
1.Who were the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers?
2. What can you say about engineering works of ancient times?
3. What abilities have the mechanical engineers now?
:
1. . - .-: , 2003.-195.-
2. Heywood,J.B.Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. London: McGrau-Hill,1988.
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Task 1: Learn new words and word combinations:
Signs
Air-port
Information/Inquiry-
Passport control-
Flight departure-
Customs-
Arrival-
Destination-
Fasten safety belts-
Flight-
The railway station
Tickets-
Left luggage-
Station manager-
Stuff only-
Underground (subway) ()
Way out-
Emergency exit-
No exit-
No entry-
Service entrance-
Pull-
Push-
Watch. Mind your head- . .
Watch. Mind the step- . .
In a train
Exit to next car -
Emergency use only -
Danger -
Luggage/baggage -
Vacant -
Engaged-
No smoking. Penalty $ 50 - . 50$
In the hotel
Receptionist-
Conference room-
W.C.-
Underground car pack-
Swimming pool-
Travel agency-
Restaurant-
Please, do not disturb.-
Taken/reserved- ,
Admission free-
In the street
Mailbox/postbox-
Stop. Dont walk- .
Walk-
No swimming
No photographing-
Private property-
No parking-
Task 2. Combine the words from the column A with the words from the column B:
A
1) Conference
2) Left
3) Fasten safety
4) Passport
5) Admission
6) Flight
7) Private
8) Emergency
9) Travel
10)Station
B
a) agency
b) property
c) manager
d) departures
e) exit
f) belts
g) room
h) free
i) luggage
j) control
Task 3. Translate the signs and learn them 
EXIT
ENTRANCE
ELEVATOR
POST OFFICE
INFORMATION
NO SMOKING
EXCHANGE
TAXI
BAGGAGE CLAIM
CAFE
BUS
TELEPHONE
SOUVENIRS
RESTAURANT
HAIRDRESSER
DEPARTURES
LUGGAGE LOCKERS
FIRST AID
MEETING POINT
ARRIVAL
RESTROOM
PORTERS
CHECK ROOM
FACILITY FOR THE DISABLED
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1.Please show tickets.
2.Do not lean out of the window when the train is moving.
3.Adjust temperature before showering.
4.Service entrance is only for stuff usage.
5.You can leave the key and order at the receptionist.
6.To be used only in event of fire.
7.Please, close the door on leaving
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Sand Casting
Selection of a casting method depends primarily upon:1) quantity of parts,2)size of the part,3) tolerances and finish,4) physical characteristics,5) part configuration,6) the metal to be cast.
The oldest commercial method of making metal casting consists of forming a cavity in sand and filling the cavity with molten metal.After the metal solidifies, the sand is broken away, and the casting is removed,trimmed and cleaned.
Sand molds are made in two or more section:bottom (drag),top(cope), and intermediate sections (cheeks) when required.Joints between section are the parting lines.The sand is contained in flasks,made of metal or sometimes wood.
Molten metal is poured into the sprue, and connecting runners conduct the metal to the casting cavity. Riser cavities in the core sand over heavy sections of the casting serve as metal reservoir.They fill with molten metal as the cavity is filled and, as the casting solidifies and shrinks, the risers feed molten metal to the heavy, slowly solidifying sections, thus minimizing porosity in the part.Slag floats to the top of the risers and thus is not incorporated into the casting.Sprue, runner, and risers are trimmed from the casting after it is removed from the sand.
Cores are hard shapes of placed in the mold to produced hollow castings. Patternes of wood or metal are used to prepare the mold.
Extremely large or heavy casting are made by floor molding.Here the mold is made in the floor of the foundry using the earth as the flask.
Advantages and disadvantages:Sand casting offers the least expensive method for producing general-purpose castings. Patten equipment is relatively inexpensive and long lasting.
Sand casting are more subject to human control than parts made by other casting processes.More material must be left on a sand casting to permit machining for a finished surface.Thin section cannot be cast in is generally considered a practical minimum.
Runner
to float
riser
bottom (drag)
top(cope)
intermediate section
parting time '
flask
sprue
to trim
to shrink
:
1.What does a casting method depend upon?
2.What is sand casting?
3.What are advantages and disadvantages of sand casting?
:
1. . - .-: , 2003.-195.
2. . . .: ,2003-242
3. Heywood,J.B.Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. London: McGrau-Hill, 1988.
