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, , , : , ( ). - .

: ( ), ( ), ; , ; , , .

, , , z - :

, , , - . ; .

cor.test(x, y,alternative = c("two.sided", "less", "greater"), method = c("pearson", "kendall", "spearman"), conf.level = 0.95,...)

x, y .
alternative "two.sided" ( )- , "greater" - "less"- .
method . "pearson", "kendall", "spearman".
conf.level

 

H0 alternative "two.sided".

( R qt(p,df)).

> x<-c(3.6,7.8,9.6,5.7,8.9)

> y<-c(2.7,8.9,6.5,8.8,6.4)

> cor.test(x,y,alternative = c("two.sided"), method = c("pearson"))

Pearson's product-moment correlation

 

t = 0.9142, df = 3, p-value = 0.428

95 percent confidence interval: -0.7063858 0.9555364

sample estimates: cor = 0.4667999

> cor.test(x,y,alternative= c("two.sided"), method=c("spearman"))

Spearman's rank correlation rho

 

S = 16, p-value = 0.7833

sample estimates: rho = 0.2

() 0.4668, t - 0.9142 3 , p -value 0.428. , 42.8%. 95% (-0.7063858, 0.9555364) , 5% .

(0.2), p -value (0.7833). X Y.

- , - , - () , - .

- .

:

- , . , :

,

- ;

- ;

- .

lm(formula=f), (, ); y~x , y x.

> x<-c(3.6,7.8,9.6,5.7,8.9)

> y<-c(2.7,8.9,6.5,8.8,6.4)

> p.lm<-lm(formula=x~y)

> summary(p.lm)

 

Residuals:

1 2 3 4 5

-1.7151 -0.3409 2.5529 -2.3954 1.8985

 

Coefficients:

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) 4.0845 3.5050 1.165 0.328

y 0.4558 0.4985 0.914 0.428

 

Residual standard error: 2.511 on 3 degrees of freedom

Multiple R-Squared: 0.2179, Adjusted R-squared: -0.0428

F-statistic: 0.8358 on 1 and 3 DF, p-value: 0.428

summary() :

(residuals - y). , ().

( , (0.328 0.428) 0.05 - .. , x y).

(R-squared), y, ( R2 0, F =0.8358, 42.8%, .. ).

:

abline(a, b, untf = FALSE,...)

abline(h=, untf = FALSE,...)

abline(v=, untf = FALSE,...)

a,b
untf TRUE,
h,v Y

plot(x, y, xlim=range(x),ylim=range(y),type="p", main, xlab, ylab,...)

X,Y x y.
xlim, ylim x y.
Type ( p )
Main
Xlab,ylab .

abline() a b.

plot() .

plot(x,y)

abline(lm(x~y))

 

 

.

1. .. / ....: , 2000.-479.

2. .. / .. . : , 1990.-352.

3. / .. . : , 1991.-400.

4. . : -: , 2001.-752.

5. . /...:,1963.-272.

6. . - / . . : , 1999.-449.

7. .., .., .., .. R / .., .., .., .. 2007.-28





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