2005
54
24.1
. .: : , 2005,17.
:
: .., ..-. .,
,
.., ...,
.
. , 2004
.
: .
.
.
(, ). , , . :
+ mH2O +(H2O) + - (H2O)
H , . () .
, . . (1887.), , () () . . . , , . , , .
:
, ,
HCl H+ + Cl-;
, - OH-,
NaOH Na+ + OH- ;
|
|
NaCl Na + + Cl ,
(NH4)2SO4 2NH4+ + SO42-.
a :
a = ,
n - , ,
N .
.
, a = 1, , a < 1.
, . H2CO3, H2S, H2SO3, HCN, H2SiO3,
H3O3, HlO, H3AsO3, 3OOH, u(OH)2, Cr(OH)3,
Al(OH)3 , NH4OH .
. , .
+ + -
[+] [ -]
=,
[]
- , , - .
,
H3COOH H3COO- + H+
[H3COO-] . [H+]
=
[H3COOH]
, , . , , .
a2
=,
1 - a
, /.
a <<1, ,
a =
: .
, . ( ) . .
, HgCl2, Mg(CN)2, CdCl2, Pb(CH3COO)2, Fe(SCN)3,
HCl, HBr, HI, HClO4, H2SO4, HNO3, - NaOH, KOH, CsOH, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2. , - ( ). . , , .. . (, ) , . , (). :
|
|
= f. C,
f , . f . - , . , f ( 0,1/).
lgf = n2 m
n - ; 250 0,51; m - .
- :
m = 1/2(1Z12 + C2Z 22 + C3Z32 . nZn2) = 1/2 SCiZi2,
1, 2, 3 .i - ,
Z1, Z2, Z3 . Zi .
: . f = 1, =