.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





" ", .

1. .

2. ( ).

3. .

. 0.8 800 . , .

, , , , . , , . , , () . , . , . , , .

, ()

, (1)

- , /(2×4),

= × ;

- , /(2×4),

= 5.67;

e - ;

F - , 2;

1- , ;

- , .

(1) , /(2×4),

 

. (2)

 

, , ; . , .

 

() 1 2 , l, . : d = 0.025 .

, () () F. : (e = 0.97). 3, . , 4 5. , , . .

- 6 7.

, . , ( 1 2) .

, , ()

Q = Q + Q, (3)

Q = Q - Q. (4)

Q , . =0,97.

 

.

 

. (5)

, , , ..

,

Q = Q + . = (Q ) + eF[( /100)4 (T /100)4]. (6)

(6) (2),

. (7)

 

1. "I".

2. ( ).

3. .

4. , .

5. .

W, W, t1, C t,
         

6. "0" .

1. , () Q = W, Q = W.

2. (2), F = pdl, d = 0.025, l = 0.42 .

3. (7).

4. t1, C

e = C / C0

5. (. ) e.

6. e

.

7. .

1. .

2. .

3. : , , , .

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. .

8. .

9. .

1. .. . .- . , 1982.

2. .., .., .. .- .: ,1981.

3. .., .. .- .: , 1977.

4. .. .- .: , 1980.

 

t, e
225-572 0.039-0.057
  0.055
, 600 200-600 0.11-0.19
425-1020 0.144-0.377
,   0.242
  0.736
125-525 0.78-0.82
925-1115 0.87-0.95
770-1040 0.52-0.56
940-1100 0.55-0.61
, 600 200-600 0.80
  0.82
,     0.06
, ,     0.20
50-350 0.22
, 600 200-600 0.61-0.59
, , 80-115 0.018-0.023
, ,   0.072
, 600 200-600 0.57-0.87
,   0.906
,   0.875  
40-95 0.96-0.98
   
, 40-95 0.80-0.95
-   0.821
75-145 0.91
, 10-88 0.92-0.96 0.91

 

9

 

 

 

" ", () .

 

 

1. .

2. .

3. - , .

4. .

5. .

 

1. .

2. .

3. -. ; , .

4. .

5. , , .

6. : , .

7. , .

 

 

. . () -

Q = aFDt

F - , 2;

t = (t - to) - , ;

a - , /(2×).

a, , . , , , , .

, . , , . . , , , . , , . .

( ). .

(1)

(1)

Num = C (GrmPrm)n (2)

:

Num = a l0 / lm ;

Grm = b gl03Dt / nm2 ;

Prm = gm / am .

:

l0 - , ( l0 = d, l0 = h);

lm - /(×);

nm - , /;

b = 1/(tm+273) - , 1/;

Dt = tc t0 - , .

(1) (2) "m" , ()

tm = 0.5(tc + t0).

 

 

() 1, 2. , , 3 4 5. 6 7. , .

 

.

 

 

1. , "1".

2. , .

3. , .

4. .

1

 

U, B I, DE, DT, , K
           

 

1. , ,

Q = UI

 

U-, I- ,

2. ,

,

e = 0.5 - ;

=5.67- , /(2×4);

F = pdl - , , 2, d = 0.013;

l = 0.780 - , ;

- . ;

c - . ;

DT - . ;

D - - , .

3. ,

Q = Q - Q

4. , / (2×)

a = Q / (FDt)

5. .

6.

a = j(Dt)

7. (2).

.

,

tm = 0,5(tc + t0)

tm 2 lm, nm, am.

.

(GrmPrm) 3 n.

Num ,

Num = al0 / lm

a, /(2×)

 

2

 

tm, l ´102, /(×) ´106, 2/ n ´ 106, 2/
  2.51 20.0 14.16
  2.59 21.4 15.06
  2.67 22.9 16.00
  2.76 24.3 16.90
  2.83 25.7 17.95
  2.90 27.2 18.97
  2.96 28.6 20.02
  3.05 30.2 21.09
  3.13 31.9 22.10
  3.21 33.6 23.13

 

3

(Grm Prm) n
1´10-3 ¸5´102 1.18 0.125
5´102 ¸ 2´107 0.54 0.25
2´107 ¸ 1´1013 0.135 0.33

 

1. a a , %

.

2. .

 

 

1. . ., .. .- .: ,1977.

2. .. . .- .:,1982.

3. . . .- .:1980.

4. .., .., .. .- .: ,1981.

 

 

10

 

 

 

" ", .

 

 

1. ( ) (- ).

2. .

3. , .

4. .

5. .

 

 

.

Q, , -

Q = aFDt,

a - , /(2×0);

F , , 2;

Dt = tc t , 0.

a, .. , . , , , , .

. , , , - .

, , . .

( ). :

R = 1´10 ¸ 1´105

Nu = 0.5Re0.5Pr0.38(Pr0 / Prc)0.25. (1)

 

Re = 1´103 ¸2´105

Nu = 0.25Re0.6Pr0.38(Pr0 / Prc)0.25. (2)

 

:

Nu = alo / lm ;

Re = wlo / nm ;

r = nm / m .

 

:

lo , ( lo = d, lo = h);

lm , /(2×0);

w , /;

nm , 2/;

m , 2/.

. "m" , t, 0, tm = 0.5(tc + t0).

(1) (2) : :

Num = 0.43Rem0.5 (3)

Num = 0.216Rem0.6. (4)

 

 

, 1 (), 2 . 3 4 5. 6 7 8 9 10. 11 12. .

 

.

 

 

1. , "1".

2. 3, .

3. 7, ~ 2 /.

4. 12, . 1.

5. .

 

1

 

W, / U, B I, DE, T, DT, a, /(2×) Re Nu
                   

 

 

 

1. Q, ,

Q = UI,

U , ;

I , .

2. Q, ,

Q = eC0F[(Tc/100)4 (To/100)4],

e = 0.5 ;

C0 = 5.67 , /(2×4);

F = pdl , 2;

d = 0.013 , l = 0.3 ;

T0 , ;

Tc = To + DT , ;

DT = 1,48D , ;

DE - , .

3. Q, ,

Q = Q Q.

4.

a, /(2×),

 

a = Q/(FD).

 

5. .

6.

 

a = j(D).

 

7. (3) (4).

.

, 0

tm = 0,5(t + t0).

tm . 2 lm, nm.

2

 

t, 0                    
l×102, /(×) 2.51 2.59 2.67 2.76 2.83 2.90 2.96 3.05 3.13 3.21
n×106, 2/ 14.6 15.06 16.00 16.90 17.95 18.97 20.02 21.09 22.10 23.13

 

.

, , a, /(2×)

a = Num×lm /d.

8. (%) a a

D = (a - a)100/a .

9. .

 

1. .

2. .

3. -, . : , .

4. .

5. .

6. , , .

7. : , .

8. , .

 

 

1. .., .. .- .: , 1977.

2. .. .- .: , 1980.

3. .. . .- .: , 1982.

4. .., .., .. .- .: , 1987.

 

 

 

 

 

 

"", "- ",

" ", "",

" "

 

270100, 270300, 270400, 270500, 270900, 271100,

170600, 170500, 071900, 320700, 210200

 

 

,

,

,

,

 

..

..

 

020449 31.10.97. . 2001.

60´84/16. .

. . . . . 4. .- . . 3.8.

300 . . . .

()

:

394017 , . , 19





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