7: Windows
: Windows.
, - . Windows, . .
ipconfig
, Ethernet [1], Wi-Fi WiMAX . IP . 192.168.0.1. , , IP. WiMAX , IP . , . . , .. . , ? , IP : . . 192.168.0.1. , , , , - . .
[2] , . , 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.0. , , . . 255.255.255.0. .
. , [3]. , , . , , . , . , , . , , , . . ( - ). , , , , . , , . . , - . : , 1, 2,..., N, . , : ( ), 1, 2, , N-1, ( ).
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, , IP , .
ipconfig . . .
C:\Users\>ipconfig IP Windows Ethernet adapter Bluetooth: ........: . DNS- .....: : DNS- .....: Home IPv6- ...: fe80::595:5d8d:56f5:500c%41 IPv4-............: 192.168.0.206 ..........: 255.255.255.0 .........: 192.168.0.10 Ethernet adapter : ........: . DNS- .....: isatap.{DDDBA9F8-664B-4B57-B2D0-93DE69D2FBE7}: ........: . DNS- .....: * 3: ........: . DNS- .....: isatap.{73A36F53-6EE2-4F00-B90B-D11719558242}: ........: . DNS- .....: isatap.Home: ........: . DNS- .....:Home
. . IP [4] - 192.168.0.206, - 255.255.255.0, [5] - 192.168.0.10. 192.168.0.0. ( Ethernet ).
ping
IP . , . mil.ru IP 94.100.180.70. IP DNS[6]. - , DNS IP .
ping - . , . . . IP, .
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ping 127.0.0.1 [7].
ping 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 32 : 127.0.0.1: =32 <1 TTL=128 127.0.0.1: =32 <1 TTL=128 127.0.0.1: =32 <1 TTL=128 127.0.0.1: =32 <1 TTL=128 Ping 127.0.0.1: : = 4, = 4, = 0 (0% ) - : = 0, = 0 , = 0, . TTL (time to life). , . , , TTL . - TTL , . , , , .
ping , . :
ping 192.168.0.10 192.168.0.10 32 : 192.168.0.10: =32 =11 TTL=64 192.168.0.10: =32 =10 TTL=64 192.168.0.10: =32 =9 TTL=64 192.168.0.10: =32 =8 TTL=64 Ping 192.168.0.10: : = 4, = 4, = 0 (0% ) - : = 8, = 11 , = 9. TTL (64) TTL (128) .
, , :
ping esstu.ru esstu.ru [212.0.68.2] 32 : 212.0.68.2: =32 =7 TTL=57 212.0.68.2: =32 =8 TTL=57 212.0.68.2: =32 =10 TTL=57 212.0.68.2: =32 =7 TTL=57 Ping 212.0.68.2: : = 4, = 4, = 0 (0% ) - : = 7, = 10 , = 8. , DNS IP 212.0.68.2.
, : -i, TTL:
ping -i 1 esstu.ru esstu.ru [212.0.68.2] 32 : 192.168.0.10: (TTL) . 192.168.0.10: (TTL) . 192.168.0.10: (TTL) . 192.168.0.10: (TTL) . Ping 212.0.68.2: : = 4, = 4, = 0 (0% )TTL 1 (192.168.0.10). TTL=2
ping -i 2 esstu.ru esstu.ru [212.0.68.2] 32 : 192.168.1.1: (TTL) . 192.168.1.1: (TTL) . 192.168.1.1: (TTL) . 192.168.1.1: (TTL) .212.0.68.2 Ping 212.0.68.2: : = 4, = 4, = 0 (0% )(192.168.1.1), . , TTL, , 212.0.68.2.
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tracert [8]
, TTL, :
tracert esstu.ru esstu.ru [212.0.68.2] 30: 1 1 ms 1 ms 1 msWRT54GL [192.168.0.10] 2 3 ms 2 ms 2 ms 192.168.1.13 8 ms 4 ms 5 ms ULND-BRAS3.sib.ip.rostelecom.ru [213.228.116.203] 4 17 ms 5 ms 8 ms 213.228.114.275 8 ms 3 ms 3 ms core-gi-0-2.burnet.ru [212.0.64.90] 6 7 ms 5 ms 6 ms ws-70-71.burnet.ru [212.0.70.71] 7 8 ms 4 ms 3 ms 86.110.127.1298 8 ms 4 ms 4 ms 212.0.68.2 .7 .
pathping
pathping ping tracert, , . , .
pathping esstu.ru esstu.ru [212.0.68.2] 30:0 EXPHOME.Home [192.168.0.206] 1 WRT54GL [192.168.0.10] 2 Broadcom.Home [192.168.1.1] 3 ULND-BRAS3.sib.ip.rostelecom.ru [213.228.116.203] 4 213.228.114.275 core-gi-0-2.burnet.ru [212.0.64.90] 6 ws-70-71.burnet.ru [212.0.70.71] 7 86.110.127.129 8 212.0.68.2 : 200 .... RTT ./. % ./. % 0 EXPHOME.Home [192.168.0.206] 0/ 100 = 0% | 1 6 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% WRT54GL [192.168.0.10] 0/ 100 = 0% | 2 8 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% Broadcom.Home [192.168.1.1] 0/ 100 = 0% | 3 11 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% ULND-BRAS3.sib.ip.rostelecom.ru [213.228.116.203] 0/ 100 = 0% | 4 11 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% 213.228.114.27 0/ 100 = 0% | 5 10 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% core-gi-0-2.burnet.ru [212.0.64.90] 0/ 100 = 0% | 6 15 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% ws-70-71.burnet.ru [212.0.70.71] 0/ 100 = 0% | 7 --- 100/ 100 =100% 100/ 100 =100% 86.110.127.129 0/ 100 = 0% | 8 12 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% 212.0.68.2 .
. 86.110.127.129. :
ping 86.110.127.129 86.110.127.129 32 : . . . . Ping 86.110.127.129: : = 4, = 0, = 4 (100% )arp
, Ethernet, Wi-Fi WiMAX, . : 70-F3-95-A6-FE-0C. , , MAC[9], , . , , , . , [10], MAC . ARP[11], . ARP IP . , , , IP . (ARP ) MAC . . , , ARP . ARP IP MAC , .
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arp IP MAC-. , arp, a
arp -a : 192.168.0.206 --- 0xe 192.168.0.10 20-aa-4b-2a-d5-21 192.168.0.255 ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff 224.0.0.22 01-00-5e-00-00-16 224.0.0.252 01-00-5e-00-00-fc 239.192.152.143 01-00-5e-40-98-8f 239.255.255.250 01-00-5e-7f-ff-fa 255.255.255.255 ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff, [12] (192.168.0.10) MAC 20-aa-4b-2a-d5-21.
netstat
, . . , . , , ? , . . (), (IP ). . , , . (.. ) ().
, IP , , . (IP ) [13]. , - . , . (), . , - , , , .
netstat . [14], c a, n o [15].
netstat -ano PID TCP 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 2944 TCP 0.0.0.0:135 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 892 TCP 0.0.0.0:443 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 2944 TCP 0.0.0.0:445 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 TCP 0.0.0.0:2869 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 TCP 0.0.0.0:5357 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 TCP 0.0.0.0:26143 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 TCP 0.0.0.0:45662 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 2920 TCP 0.0.0.0:49152 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 576 TCP 0.0.0.0:49153 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 1020 TCP 0.0.0.0:49154 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 724 TCP 0.0.0.0:49155 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 660 TCP 0.0.0.0:49160 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 640 TCP 0.0.0.0:61741 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 2944 TCP 127.0.0.1:5939 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 2580 TCP 127.0.0.1:10000 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 2920 TCP 127.0.0.1:49156 127.0.0.1:49157 ESTABLISHED 2952 TCP 127.0.0.1:49157 127.0.0.1:49156 ESTABLISHED 2952 TCP 127.0.0.1:49158 127.0.0.1:49159 ESTABLISHED 2952 TCP 127.0.0.1:49159 127.0.0.1:49158 ESTABLISHED 2952 TCP 192.168.0.206:139 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING 4 TCP 192.168.0.206:54842 64.4.23.171:40013 ESTABLISHED 2944 TCP 192.168.0.206:54844 157.56.53.42:12350 ESTABLISHED 2944 TCP 192.168.0.206:54845 173.252.121.3:5222 ESTABLISHED 2944 TCP 192.168.0.206:54850 191.235.188.99:443 ESTABLISHED 2944 TCP 192.168.0.206:54893 64.4.61.132:443 ESTABLISHED 2944 TCP 192.168.0.206:54919 157.56.194.7:443 ESTABLISHED 2944 TCP 192.168.0.206:55125 185.39.80.24:80 ESTABLISHED 3684 TCP 192.168.0.206:57762 137.116.224.167:443 TIME_WAIT 0 TCP 192.168.0.206:57770 81.19.104.81:443 TIME_WAIT 0 TCP 192.168.0.206:57792 192.168.0.10:1780 TIME_WAIT 0 TCP 192.168.0.206:57793 192.168.0.10:1780 TIME_WAIT 0 TCP 192.168.0.206:57822 81.19.104.81:443 TIME_WAIT 0 TCP 192.168.0.206:57845 176.119.71.119:62348 ESTABLISHED 2920< >, IP_: ( ). , 192.168.0.206:54842. . , 192.168.0.206:54842 64.4.23.171:40013. , . 0.0.0.0 IP . 0, . "" [16]:
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LISTENING ;
ESTABLISHED , ;
TIME_WAIT .
(LISTENING) , . , 0.0.0.0:443 , - 443 .
(PID) . . , 2944 80, 443 61741. , - 2944. . 2944, (Ctrl+Shift +Esc). . (PID). OK. (PID), . , 2944.
, Skype. netstat , skype . .
1) ipconfig. (Alt+Print Scr) (Ctrl+V). IP , .
2) ipconfig /all. .
3) ipconfig /all .
4) ping, . (. ). .
5) -i ping .
6) tracert, .
7) pathping [17], (.. ).
8) ARP . MAC .
9) netstat, a, n o, , .
10) , . .
1. infpol.ru
2. vk.com
3. skype.com
4. yandex.ru
5. ok.ru
6. mail.ru
7. rambler.ru
8. wikipedia.org
9. youtube.com
10. facebook.com
11. twitter.com
12. gismeteo.ru
[1] : , , Ethernet
[2] .
[3]. router
[4]Wi-Fi
[5]IP- (WAP). WAP ,
[6]Domain Name Service
[7] 127.0.0.1 .
[8] trace route
[9]Media Access Control
[10] !
[11]Address Resolution Protocol
[12]
[13]socket .
[14]
[15] , netstat -?
[16]
[17]