.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


XX XXI .




 

1 . 220 . . (12,8% ). , 2000 ., 2 . 616 . 300 . 2 . 411 . 100 (92,2%), 155,3 . (5,9%), (, , , ) 50 . ( ) , , , , , , , , , .

40% [ -, 2001, . 14-19; : 100 , 2001, . 104-105]. 36 1951 . 65 2000 . [hina's ibet, 2000, . 19; , 1999, . 35]. 1997 ., 120 . 3 . [, 1999, . 521]. 2000 ., , 1700 . 46 . . [hina's ibet, 2000, . 25-26]. {301}

(), 6 (, , , , ), 71 , 1 1 . 140 . , 87%.

1998 . (1984 .) . 7- , 7- ( ) 7- . 1998-2003 .

55- , . , 1991-1996 . . 60- , . . . 13 , 13 18 [News Review, 1998; ibet Information, 1999, . 37-40].

, 3- 1994 ., .

1998 . , -. , , , , - -, , -. , , . [25] [ibet Information, 1999, . 37]. {302}

90- XX . , , . 1998 . , 90- 13,2% [News Review, 1998, . 41]. 1997 . 820 . , 1998 . 849,8 ., 2000 . 962 . [hina's ibet, 2000, . 30; Gamrab Goichen, 1999, . 34; , 2001, . 164] ( 946,7 . ) [: 100 , 2001, . 87]. 2000 . 22 . [ , 2001, . 164]. IX (1996-2000) , [: 100 , 2001, . 53].

2000 . 22 . , : - ( , 2122 ); - (-, 2413 ); -- (-, 1179 ); - (--, 315 ); - ( , 736 ).

, , , , , [hina's ibet, 2000, . 42].

1976 . (1080 ), , [ibid., . 41]. 2000 . 360 51 . [ibid, . 35]. , , , , , , , , , . - , , . , , , . , , , (, , , , .) [News Review, 1998, . 71, 78; hina's ibet, 2000, . 35-37; -, 2001, . 63]. , , . , , {303} . , . 50 . , 150 . . , . 30% .

. 1980-1998 . 600 . , 1998 . 96,5 . [hin's ibet, 2000, . 61], 2000 . 550 . [: 100 , 2001, . 88]. . , -, . , , 0,2-0,3% . -, . . . . . . . , . . , , - , , , . .

- , 2000 . 101 , 820 3033 . 83,4% . 3- , 6- 9- .

16 [ , 2000, . 27]. 4 , - , [26]{304} [, 1988, . 175; -, 2001, . 115]. 5 . . 2000 . 20 . , . . . 2000 . 14 10 .

80-90- , . , , . 20 300 . 70 , 20 , , . 30 6600 79 . , 80% . , .

1996 . ; 160 ; 1996 . [ , 2000, . 5-6,16-17,19].

2000 . 14 ; 60 . , , 230 . . 250. 2000 . 600 [ , . 21-25]. , , -, .

1965 . . 1400 . 1989-1994 . . 1997 . [ , . 8]. : , , , , , . {305}

2001 . 4- 7- 2001-2005 . 10- . XXI . 2001-2005 . . , 2006-2010 ., . , XXI ., . 2000 . 11 . 742 . . 2001-2005 . 12%. , 2005 . 2 . , 8,5% .

10- 490 , 100 . .

80- - (847 ). 10- - (1118 ). 2001-2005 . , , . 2005 . 95% . [New Women of Tibet,2001, . 40-42].

4- , 25-27 2001 ., 2001-2005 .

. , , - , . 2000-2050 ., 2000 ., 160 .

, ... 50 , , , {306} , - . [: 100 , 2001, . 91].

, , , . (, , , ), . 1981 . .

- XIV. 2002 . - . 2002 . - - . : ", , , , , [: 100 , 2001, . 164][27]. , , , ; . {307}

 

 

, . , , , , , .

, , . , . , , . VII . .. , . , , .

, , - , , , , () . , .

, 3000- . , , {308}. - ( ). ( ). , . - .

XVIII ., . , .

. .

XXI ., . {309}

 

 

 

 

. 600 , .

607 , . .

629 .

632 .

.

634 .

.

- .

.

638 ().

638-641 .

640 .

641 .

.

644-645 .

645 .

648 .

649 .

650-676 .

654 .

656 , .

663 .

667 .

667-670 .

667-685 .

670-730 60- - .

670 .

. .

, , . {310}

680 .

685-698 .

697 .

698 .

703 .

704 .

706 .

707 .

710 - .

713 - .

715 , .

716-719 .

730 .

736 . .

747 .

750 .

751 .

752 .

754-755 ( ).

763 . , .

779 . .

781 .

783 .

786-822 .

787 .

790-791 .

792-794 .

794 .

821 .

822 .

842 .

851 ,

XI . .

1003 . , .

1032 . {311}

1036 .

1042 .

1054 .

1065 .

1073 .

1137 .

1207 -.

1240 .

1244 -.

1247 .

1251 -.

1253 - .

1254 - .

1265 .

1269 - .

1280 -.

1284 .

1287 .

1302 .

1351 .

.

1354 , .

1364 .

1399 .

1407-1414 .

1409 .

.

1410 .

1416 .

1418 .

1419 .

1432 5- , .

1432-1446 6- .

1446-1468 7- .

1447 .

1468-1495 8- .

1480 .

1492 .

1495-1510 9- .

1517 . {312}

1518-1571 10- .

1576 -.

1571-1618 11- .

1578 -.

- -.

1582 -.

.

1588 - III .

1601 - .

-.

1607 - -.

1617 - IV.

1618 - .

1621 -.

1635 - .

1637 - -.

1638 - .

1639-1642 - .

1642 - . .

- V .

-.

.

1643 - .

1644 - - V .

1645 - - -.

.

1647 .

- - .

1648 .

- V .

1652 - V . .

1654 (1655) -.

1660 - .

1662 - IV.

1662 -.

1668 - V.

1672 .

1673 - -. {313}

1679 .

1681 .

1682 - V.

1683 - VI.

1684 , , .

1688 - .

1691 .

1696 .

1696 .

1697 -.

1697 - VI .

1701 -, - , - VI - V.

1703 - .

- .

1705 - .

- .

1706 .

.

.

- , - VI .

- VI .

- VI .

1707(1708) - VI .

1708 - VII .

1709-1710 .

1710 - VI .

1711 .

1713 - V -.

1714 - .

- .

1715 - VII .

1716 .

1717 .

.

- .

- . {314}

1718 , .

1719-1720 .

1720 .

- VII , - - VI.

, .

, .

1720-1723 . .

1723 - .

.

, .

1724 .

.

1725 - VII .

1727 .

1728 .

. . .

-.

- -.

.

.

1730-1731 .

1732 .

500 .

1732-1742 .

1735 - VII .

1737 - V.

1745 .

1745-1746 100 .

1747 .

1750 .

.

.

, .

1750-1751 .

1751 - VII.

. {315}

1751-1752 , .

1757 - VII.

1757-1761 .

1761-1777 -.

1777-1778 . .

1778 .

1779-1780 - VI .

1780 - VI.

1781 - VIII .

1783 - .

1786 .

1788-1789 - .

1791-1792 - . .

1793 - -.

1808-1815 - IX .

1819-1844 .

1822-1837 - X .

1841-1842 .

1842-1856 - XI .

1855-1856 - , 1856 .

1858-1875 - XII .

1862 -.

1863-1865 , .

1871 , ( ).

1886 .

1890 - .

1901 . II

1900-1901 .. .

1903-1904 .

1904 - .

1904-1905 - .

1905 - XIII .. .

1906 - .

1907 , .

1908 - XIII . {316}

1909 - .

1910-1911 - XIII .

1910 .

1911 1911-1913 . .

.

1912 .

1913 - XIII .

- .

.

1913-1914 , .

1917-1918 .

1918 - XIII .

1919-1920 .

1922 -.

1923 .

.

- XI .

1925 .

1926 .

1927 .

- XIII .. .

1927-1928 .. .

1930-1933 .

1933 - XIII.

1934 .

-.

1935-1936 .

1939 .

.

1940 - XIV .

1941 .

1942 .

1944 -.

1946 .

1947 .

, , .

1949 .

1950 .

1950-1957 . {317}

1951 .

1954 - - .

.

.

- - .

1955 .

1956 .

.

1956-1957 - XIV .

1959 . - XIV .

1959-1965 . .

1966-1967 .

1968 .

1971 .

1975 .

1979 - .

1979-1980 -.

1980 .

1985 .

1987 .

1988-1992 - .

1989 .

1990 -.

1994 .

1995 - XI.

1998 .

2001 7- .

2001 2001-2005 .

2002 - XIV . {318}

 

 

 

, 1997 .. . XX (, , ). ---.

, 2004 .. . .

, 1899 .. . - 1893-1897 , . .

, 1988 .. . . 5.

, 1994 - .. (1900-1914 .) ( ). . 3.

, 2001 . -- - . .

, 1978 . XIII-XVI . .

, 1833 .. (. ). 2282 .. 1227 . . X. . . . I, II. .

, 1962 .. ( ). .

, 1978 - .. (1949-1976). .

, 1996 .. - (- 1977-1987 ). .

, 2002 .. XIII - . .

, , 1984 .., .. (1911-1949). .

, 1998 .. . VII-IX . -.

, 1958 .. . .

-, 2001 -. -. . . {319}

, , 1954 .., .. . . . XXI.

, 1962 .. . .

, 2003 .. - XIV . . 38. .

, 1899 . . . . . 1-2. .

, 1895 . . . .

, 1994 - . (1950-1951). - . 3.

, 1999 .. . . .

, 1958 .. . .

, 1866 . -. . . .

- XIV, 1991 - XIV. . -.

- XIV, 1992 - XIV. . - . . . --.

- XIV, 2000 - XIV. . . . .

, 1999 .. : , , . -.

, 1904 . . . . . . . . .

, 2000 . - ( .. ) . .

, 1962 . . .

, 1983 .. - - . .

, 1961 . . . . .

-, 1999 -. . . ., ., . . .. . . XVIII. .

, 1997 , - XIII. - . 2. .

, 2001 - .. -1 . .

, 1956 - . 80 . .

, 2000 .. (1914 . XX .). .

, 1920 .. -. .

, 1947 .. . . {320}

, 1955 . .

, 1968 . . . . . 6. .

, 1999 . . - XX . . 3.

, 2001 .. л . . XXXI . .

, 1992 .. XX . .

, 2001 . . . . XXXI . .

, 1970 . - . - . .

, 1968 - .. . .

, 2004 . . - . XX. .

, , 1975 .., .. . . .

, 1907 .. . I. . . 1. . . . .

, 1972 .. . - . . . .

, 1956 .. 1888-1919 . .

, 1973 . ( ). . ., ., . . .. . . ( . X).

, 1929 . . . . .-.

, 1992 - .. . .

-, 1957 -. . .

, 1945 .. . .

, 1896 . . .

, 1978 .. - . .

, 1956 VIII . .

, 1972 . . .. . .

, 1957 . . . {321}

, 1997 . . . .

, 1828 . . . .

, 1883 . . , 1636 1736. .

, 1999 . .

, 1927-1928 - . . - . 18; 20-21.

, 1950 .. - . .

, 1978 .. (XVIII XX .). . .

, 2001 . . 5.

, 1883 .. . .

, 1970 ., - 1842. . . 4. -.

, 2000 .. . . . 3. .

, 2000 . .

, 1958 .. - 1-1 . . .

, 19586 .. . . 4.

, 1982 - .. (1923-1928). . . .

, 1901 .. . . . . .

, 1996 .. . .

, 1961 . ., , . . .. . .

, 1988 .. . XVI XX . .

, 1926 .. . . . . . 2. .

, 1906 - . 01.06.1906, 119.

, 1905 - .. . .

: 100 , 2001 : 100 . .

, 1995 . . . . ., . . .. . . {322}

, 1958 . . . . .

, 1906 . . . . .

, 1953 . . . . .

, 1983 . , . . , . ., . . .. . . 1. .

, 1913 . - -. . . .. . . 1. . 11. .

, 1919 .. - . .

, 1981 .. - . . . 1. .

, 19816 .. . . . 2. .

, 1967 .. . .

, 2003 . : . --.

, 1958 .. . - . .

 

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, 1936 ( ). .

, 1998 . - ( ). - ( ). , 1998.

, 1999 ( ). .

, 1994 ( ). .

, 1994 ( ). .

, 1996 ( ). . . .

, 2000 ( ). .

, 1993 ( ). .

-, 1998 -. ( ). .

, 1962 . ( ). . .

, 1985 ( ). . .

, 1935 ( ). .

, 2000 . ( ). ( ). 3.

-, 1984 -. ( ). .

-, 1996 -. - ( ). . ( . ). .

, 1935 ( ). (. ). {326}

 

 

() 119,120,131

16, 17, 22, 40, 42, 45, 78, 79,104,109,191, 221

(. Ag len) 94

, 118

76

- 106-110,113, 221

275, 276

80, 83,111,191

150

58

146

- 54, 55

226

40

- (-) 88-90

130 114,115

40, 77-80,109

.. 5

 

(. sBa gSal snang) 58, 59

.. 206, 212

- 114

. 238

- 114,115,127

51

90

.. 235

. 51, 53

. 184,190, 205, 230, 231, 250

147

90

- 52

. 84,107

. 151

.. 3, 42, 250, 251, 271, 275

.. 238

- ( ) . -

. 255

275, 276

226

(. Bu ston Rin chen grub) 102

42

(. dBas), 71

- 229

. 4

 

16, 68

90

- 55

- 40

- 47, 48

- 52

- 281, 286

- 108

52

232

(. dBang phyug rGyal po bShad sgra) 162, 165

293

.. 207

.. 4,102

- 48

39, 42, 45, 51, 84

 

(. dGa' ba bZang po) 96,97

(. dGa' Idan bsTan 'dzin) 139

(-) . -

- 127,128,131-133

- 130

152

.. 258

- 54

- 45-48, 55

- 289

(. mGar), 38, 39, 45, 46, 48, 49,71

141

. 200

(. dGe legs rNam rgyal) . - IX

- 261

- 281

81-86, 89

- (. Gos lo tsa wa gZhon nu dpal) 102

(. mGon po rNam rgyal) 198

(. dGongs pa Rab gsal) 77

. 250, 251

. 146

216

125

163

.. 17

( , , . Gung srong Gung btsan) 23, 39, 40

(. Gu ru legs) 23

- 114-123,128,134,139,142

(. 'Gyur med rNam rgyal) 147-149

(. 'Gyur med Tshe brtan) 147,148

- (. rGyal ba btsan po) 48

(. rGyal lo Don grub) 292, 307

(. rGyal to ri Long btsan) 23

(. rGyal mtshan rje) 104

(. rGyal mtshan Nor bu) 301

253, 260

(. dGe 'dun rGya mtsho) 109

(. dGe 'dun grub) . - I

(. dGe 'dun Chos 'phel) 254

226

.-. 161, 162, 166, 171-177, 195, 197,198

 

150

(. Brag sRin mo) 16

(. Brag sRin po) 16

() (. Grags pa rGyal mtshan) 99-101

( Grags pa Byang Chub) 98

(. Grags pa bShad sgra rin chen) 117

- (. gDags khri btsan po) 22

- I ( ) 105,109,110

- III ( ) 107,109, 110,112,113

- IV ( ) 110-112

- V ( ) 95, 112, 113, 115-117, 119-123, 127, 128, 130, 132,133,138-140,167

- VI ( ) 133-138,141

- VII ( ) 138, 139,141,143,145,147-151,176

- VIII ( ) 151, 152,154,156,158,176

- IX ( ) 158

- X ( ) 159,176

- XI ( ) 159, 164, 176

- XII ( ) 100, 165, 166,176

- XIII ( ) 160-162, 165, 176, 203, 209, 215, 216, 219, 222, 223, 225, 226, 228, 230-235, 239-241, 245, 248, 251-255

- XIV ( , ) 4, 10, 83, 245, 247, 251, 255, 260, 262, 272, 277, 284, 296-298 67

- (-) 127

(. bDag nyid bZang po dpal) 94

19, 21

.

.. 156, 160, 167, 168, 171, 172,185,190,193-195, 205

. - 122

- 55

- 106,122,123

. 147

. 61

(. De sho legs) 23

82

(. Byams pa bsTan dar) 229, 235, 240

(. 'Jam dpal rGyal mtshan) 158

(. 'Jam dpal rGya mtsho) . - VIII

(-) 241, 242, 251, 255-257

.

(. Byams chen chos rje shakya ye shes) 100

(. Byang chub rGyal mtshan) 95-98

(. sByar ra nas) 142,143

128,130

(. rje dPal 'khor btsan) 69

- 130,131

67

. - - 131

(. Dza sag sBrum pa) 234

- () 127,128,130

177

- (. Gri gum btsan po) 22, 26, 27

94

(. 'Bri khung pa kun dga' rin chen) .

- (. Ding khri btsan po) 22

(. 'Bro gnyan Ide'u) 23,25

. -

127

76

67, 68

(. 'Brong zhi legs) 23

(. Don yod rDo rje) 105, 115, 116

- 81

(. j l )95

(. rDo rje Tshe ring)298

130

(. rDo rje dpal) 95

. 206, 207, 219, 223, 238

(. rDo ring) 177

- (. rDo ring pan di ta) 149

231

44

, 71

(. 'brog mi) 80

(. 'Brom ston pa) 40, 77, 79, 109

( , . 'Dus srong Mang btsan) 46, 48-50

- 261

- 76

93

83

(. IDe rGyal po) 23

(. IDe snol nam) 23

(. IDe snol po) 23

(. IDe spring btsan) 23

(. IDe 'phrul nam gzhung btsan) 23

(. De mo Thub bstan 'Jigs med) 158

- (. de mo) 151, 158, 203

- 289, 291, 292, 299

177

 

(. Ye shes mGong po) 108

(. Ye shes rGyal Mtshan) 77

( , . Ye shes rGya mtsho dPal Idan), - VI 138, 139, 141

(. Ye shes rGya mtsho Rwa sgreng) 162





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