. , , , .
, (conventions), , . (asynchronous transmission) (8 ). (start bit), (stop bit) (parity bit). , , . 4.9, 4.10,4.11 , .. , .
4.9 . , (bits). (start bit) (stop bit). | 4.10 , . . . , , . | |
4.11 , (parity bit). . . , . , . |
(synchronous transmission) , , , (. 4.12, 4.13, 4.14). , . .
4.12 , . , (frames). . | 4.13 , . . , . . | |
4.14 . |
(transmission speed)
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, (. 4.15). , , (bits per second, BPS).
(baud rate). , . . , (. 4.16), . , , .
4.15 , . 4 . | 4.16 (compression) , ( ). , 2 . |
( , cycle) , , . (hertz). , , (bandwidth). , , . , , . . 8.2 , , .
. 8.2 | ||
14,4 KBPS 56,6 KBPS | ||
28,8 KBPS 256 KBPS | ||
10 MBPS 20 MBPS | ||
256 KBPS 100 MBPS | ||
10 MBPS 100 MBPS | ||
256 KBPS 100 MBPS | ||
500 KBPS 10 GBPS |
KBPS kilobits per second
MBPS megabits per second
GBPS gigabits per second
, . (simplex transmission) . (half-duplextransmission) ; . (full-duplex transmission) .
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, , (network traffic). , , . , , , , , , . , .
, , , . , (network cards).
. , (signal damping), .., , . , (repeaters) , .
(, ) , . (hubs). .
. , .
(bridge) , . , , , , .
(routers) . , , . , , .
(gateway) , . (, ) , , .
, , , (host).