UNIT 1
Text A
RUSSIA
In geographic size Russia is the largest country in the world, with an area of 17 075200 sq km. Territory of Russia is more than one-ninth of the worlds land area and nearly twice that of the United States or China. From north to south the country extends more than 4000 km from the southern border along the Caucasus Mountains to Arctic islands in the Barents Sea. From east to west the maximum extent is almost 10 000 km from the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea to Ratmanov Island in the Bering Strait. The country also spans parts of two continents, Europe and Asia. The Ural Mountains mark the boundary between Europe and Asia. The capital and largest city of Russia is Moscow.
On the north Russia is bordered by a number of seas of the Arctic Ocean: the Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi sea. On the east it is bordered by: the Bering Sea, and the seas of Okhotsk and Japan. In the farthest southeast Russia borders North Korea. On the south Russia is bordered by China, Mongolia, Kazakstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and the Black Sea. On the southwest it is bounded by Ukraine, and on the west by Belarus, Latvia, Estonia, the Gulf of Finland, Finland, and Norway. The enclave of Kaliningrad, on the Baltic Sea, is bordered by Lithuania and Poland.
The biggest islands of Russia lie in the Arctic and Pacific oceans. In the Arctic Ocean, is Franz Josef Land, an archipelago consisting of about 100 islands. The other Arctic islands, from west to east, include the two islands: Novaya Zemlya, Vaygach Island, the group of islands called Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, and Wrangel Island. Between the islands mentioned above are numerous small islands and island chains. In the Pacific Ocean are the Kuril Islands, which extend in an arc southwest from the southern end of the Russian peninsula of Kamchatka to Japan. The Pacific also includes the large island of Sakhalin, which separates the seas of Okhotsk and Japan.
Russia can be divided into three large geographic regions: European Russia, consisting of the territory lying west of the Ural Mountains; Siberia, stretching east from the Urals almost to the Pacific Ocean; and far eastern Russia.
Words and expressions
geographic size -
largest country -
worlds land area -
southern border -
maximum extent -
eastern coast -
boundary -
capital -
farthest southeast - -
farthest north -
group of islands -
numerous -
island chains -
extend -
peninsula -
geographic regions -
European Russia -
Ural Mountains -
Siberia -
Pacific Ocean -
Caucasus Mountains -
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Exercise 1
:
1. What can you say about Russia in geographic extend?
2. What is the total area of Russia?
3. What is the Russias territory distance from north to south and
from west to east?
4. Does the country span parts of two continents?
What continents are they?
5. By what seas of the Arctic Ocean Russia is bounded in the north?
6. What countries are bordering Russia in the south?
7. Is it true that Bering Strait bounds Russia in the south?
8. Where do principal island possessions of Russia lie?
9. Is it true the Kuril Islands are in the Black sea?
10. What is the largest island in the east of Russia in the Pacific?
11. Does Sakhalin separate the seas of Okhotsk and Japan?
12. Can you name the three main broad geographic regions of Russia?
Exercise 2
:
Area; country; southern; northern; maximum; extend; boundary; eastern coast; capital; largest city; borders measure; to separate; extreme southeast; the enclave; Luthuania; Poland; Mongolia; archipelago; group of islands; island chains; southern extremity; long-running dispute; fishing rights; ownership; geographic regions; Pacific coast.
Exercise 3
:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; -; ; ; ; -; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
Exercise 4
:
1) In geographic size Russia is a) medium size country
b) largest country in the world
c) smallest country in the world
2) The capital and largest city a) Saint Petersburg
of Russia is b) Kiev
c) Moscow
3) On the north Russia is a) Black sea
bordered by b) Pacific Ocean
c) Arctic Ocean
4) The biggest islands
of Russia lie in a) Arctic and Pacific oceans
b) Baltic sea
c) Black sea
5) On the southwest it is a) Poland
bounded by b) Ukraine
c) Kazakstan
6) Russia can be divided into a) three geographic regions
b) ten broad regions
c) two main geographic regions.
Exercise 5
:
1. Maximum extend of Russia from north to south is 10000 km.
2. Russia is the largest country in the world.
3. The Ural Mountains mark the boundary betweem Europe and Asia.
4. The capital of Russia is Moscow.
5. The exclave of Kaliningrad is bounded by Lithuania and Poland.
6. The principal island possessions of Russia lie in the Arctic and Pacific oceans.
7. There are numerous small islands and island chains between the big islands.
8. Sakhalin Island separates the seas of Okhotsk and Japan.
9. Russia can be devided into three large geographic regions.
10. Territory lying west of the Ural Mountains is called European Russia.
Exercise 6
, :
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1. Largest; world; area; geographic size; Russia; worlds land area.
2. Southern border; north to south; country extends; more than 4000 km.
3. Along; Caucasus Mountains; to Arctic islands.
4. Largest city; capital; Moscow.
5. Bordered by; number of seas; Russia; Arctic Ocean.
6. Arctic and Pacific oceans; lie; biggest islands; Russia.
7. Island chains; numerous small islands; between.
8. Sakhalin; large island; separates; seas of Okhotsk and Japan.
9. Geographic regions; large; Russia; divided; three.
Exercise 7
:
1. , .
2. 17075200 .
3. 4000 .
4. .
5. .
6. - , .
7. - .
8. .
9. .
10. .
Exercise 8
:
urban small
more exclude
maximum few
largest smallest
include minimum
numerous less
large rural
Exercise 9
, .
Text B
Industry in Russian Federation
The structure of Russian industry was greatly affected by Soviet planned system in which the role of heavy industry in economic growth was leading. In accordance with Soviet theory, heavy industry was promoted above all other sectors. Industrial output for national defence also received high priority in Soviet plans. Russian industries are very technologically advanced in the production of certain items, such as aerospace technology. The machine-building industries are mainly located in the largest cities because these industries are labour intensive.
In the 1920s the Soviet government began the industrialization of the USSR. At that time, Soviet manufacturing enterprises in Russia were concentrated in the Moscow and Saint Petersburg areas. At the same time, work was begun on the electrification of areas in the Urals with large coal and mineral reserves. At the same time planning began for the electrification of various Siberian regions. As economic planning progressed, and as the electric-power areas increased, new manufacturing complexes were installed to take maximum advantage of these natural resources. As a result, production increased in the eastern regions. This significant expansion was accomplished by developing the new eastern industrial regions. At the same time the production of older industrial regions continued to increase their output.
Today the manufacture of transportation equipment is concentrated in central European Russia. The largest shipbuilding center is in Saint Petersburg on the Baltic Sea. Smaller shipyards are located in Kaliningrad. Most of the countrys river-craft are built in the Volga-Kama River Basin. The oldest, and still the largest, river craft shipyard is located in the city of Nizhniy Novgorod. Other riverboat manufacturing plants are in Moscow, Rybinsk, and Kostroma on the upper Volga River.
The motor-vehicle manufacturing industry is limited in Russia because the Soviet government gave low priority to vehicular traffic as compared with railroads and other forms of transportation. However, Russia has several large-scale automobile and truck factories. These factories produced about 85 percent of all trucks and cars manufactured in the USSR in 1990. The largest construction project in the USSR during the eighth Soviet five-year Plan (1966-1970) was the establishment of the Volga Motor Vehicle Plant at Tolyatti, in eastern European Russia. This plants capacity is about 660 000 automobiles a year. Other important automobile assembly plants are in Moscow, Izhevsk, and Nizhniy Novgorod. The largest construction project during the ninth Five-Year Plan (1971-1975) was the Kama Truck Plant in Naberezhnye Chelny. Trucks are also produced in Nizhniy Novgorod, Moscow, Simbirsk on the Volga, and Miass in the Urals.
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The USSR was the largest producer of tractors in the world and a sizable exporter. Most of the principal producing plants are in European Russia, in Volgograd, Vladimir, Bryansk, and Lipetsk. Chelyabinsk and Rubtsovsk in Siberia.
Russia is also a major producer of textiles. The USSR led the world in the production of almost all kinds of textiles. The majority of its productive capacity located in the Russian cities of Moscow, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Tver, and Vladimir. In these cities the textile production has been based for more than a century. In the late 1980s the annual production of cotton yarn in the USSR stood at 1.7 million metric tons, which ranked well above the second-place competitor, the United States. The country was by far the worlds largest producer of linen fabrics (1.2 billion sq m) and woolen yarn (465,000 metric tons). It was second only to Japan in the production of natural silk woven fabric. The USSR also led in the production of rayon and acetate fibers but lagged in synthetic fibers derived from non-cellulose materials. In general, the country was somewhat behind the rest of the developed world in the technology of synthetic fibers and plastics. Since the disintegration of the USSR, textile production in Russia has suffered greatly, as the other Soviet republics were a major source of textile raw materials. Nearly all of the countrys raw cotton came from Central Asia and Azerbaijan. With a shortage of supplies from these countries, many Russian textile mills were closed. Total textile production in Russia fell by more than 50 percent in 1992.
Russia has traditionally been a major producer of leather goods, and the Soviet government greatly expanded the industry. The USSR ranked as world leader in the production of leather footwear, manufacturing approximately 820 million pairs of shoes and boots each year, compared with 217.6 million in the United States.
The food industries form another important manufacturing sector in Russia. Initially, flourmills were built in the major grain-producing areas. New flourmills are generally located in areas with larger population concentration. A considerable part of the countrys fresh fruits and vegetables are canned or conserved in the growing areas. Transportation and refrigeration facilities are not adequate to market fresh produce at great distances.
In general, industrial output in Russia has declined in recent years. Industry still continues a general slowdown in growth that took place during the last years of the USSR. Overall industrial production declined by about 18 percent in 1992. At the same time the drop in production of specific items was much greater. In comparison to first-quarter output in 1992, the 1993 first-quarter output of paints was 50 percent lower, synthetic dyes 48 percent lower, cement 38 percent lower, and synthetic rubber 32 percent lower. Production of consumer durables declined in general in 1992. At the same time the output of some products, such as television sets, in fact increased. The production of food items also declined in general, with the exception of sugar production, which recently increased.
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Words and expressions
structure -
industry -
economic growth -
heavy industry -
industrial output -
aerospace technology -
machine-building -
industrialization -
manufacturing -
electrification -
economic planning -
natural resources -
industrial regions -
transportation equipment -
shipbuilding - c
motor-vehicle manufacturing -
railroads -
construction project -
agricultural machinery -
sizable exporter -
productive capacity -
cotton yarn -
natural silk -
synthetic fiber -
plastics -
raw material -
population concentration -
decline -
synthetic rubber -
Exercise 1
:
1. Why was heavy industry promoted above all during the Soviet Union period?
2. Did national defense receive high priority in Soviet industrial plans?
3. Why do we consider that Russian industries are technologically advanced?
4. Where machine-building industries in Russia are mainly located?
5. Why machine-building industries are located in big cities?
6. When did Soviet government begin electrification?
7. What are the Urals known for?
8. What were installed in the electric-power areas?
9. Why did the government install huge manufacturing complexes in electric power areas?
10. Is manufacture of transportation equipment concentrated in northern European Russia?
11. Where the largest Russian shipbuilding center is located?
12. Why Russian motor vehicle manufacturing industry is limited?
13. When was the Lada motor vehicle manufacturing plant established?
14. What is the annual production of Tolyatti Volga Motor Vehicle Plant?
15. What can you say about Kama Truck Plant in Naberezhnye Chelny?
16. Is manufacture of agricultural machinery a small industry in Russia?
17. Was the USSR a sizable exporter of tractors?
18. What can you tell about textile industries in the USSR?
19. Why did textile industry suffer since the breakup of the USSR?
20. What was production of leather footwear per year in the USSR?
21. Did industrial output in Russia decline in 1990-th?
22. Industrial production of what products increased in Russia after the collapse of the USSR?
Exercise 2.
:
; ; ; -; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; c , ; ; ; .
Exercise 3.
:
1. The machine building industries a) agricultural areas, b) small cities,
are mainly located in c) mountains, d) big cities.
2. New huge manufacturing a) being close to agricultural lands,
complexes were installed to b) being near big cities,
take maximum advantage of c) being close to natural resources.
3. The manufacture of a) far east
transportation equipment is b) West European Russia
concentrated in c) central European Russia
4. The USSR was formerly the a) electronics
largest producer of b) ready-made garments
c) agriculture
5. Nearly all the countrys a) Central Asia
Raw cotton came from b) African countries
c) European Union
6. A considerable portion of the a) traditions of Russians
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countrys fresh fruits and b) transportation and refrigeration
Vegetables are canned due to facilities are not adequate
c) traditional exports of canned
canned fruits and vegetable
Exercise 4
:
1. In the USSR the role of heavy industry in economic growth was leading.
2. Industrial output for national defense in the USSR received high priority in Soviet plans.
3. Russian industries are very technologically advanced in certain items.
4. The machine-building industries are located in the largest cities because these industries are labor intensive.
5. The Urals known to have large coal and mineral reserves.
6. New manufacturing complexes were installed in the east of the country to take maximum advantage of these natural resources.
7. The older industrial regions of Russia continued to increase their output.
8. The motor-vehicle manufacturing industry is limited in Russia, because the Soviet government gave low priority to vehicular traffic.
9. Aptiva plants capacity is about 660,000 automobiles a year.
10. The USSR was the largest producer of tractors in the world and a sizable exporter.
11. Russia is also a major producer of textiles.
12. The USSR was somewhat behind the rest of the developed world in the technology of synthetic fibers and plastics.
13. The food industries form an important manufacturing sector in Russia.
14. Industrial output in Russia has declined in recent years.
15. At the same time the output of some products, such as television sets, in fact increased.
Exercise 5
:
1. Producer; major; tractors; Russia.
2. Industrial; output; manufacturing sector; declined; the USSR.
3. Manufacturing; huge; complexes; East; installed.
4. Construction project; largest; eighth Soviet five-year Plan; Tolyatti.
5. Sizable exporter; producer; USSR; tractors.
6. Motor vehicle; limited; industry; low priority.
7. World leader; leather; footwear; shoes; pairs; per year.
8. Industrial production; declined; during; Soviet Union; last years.
9. Output; television sets; some products; such as; increased.
Exercise 6
:
1. .
2. .
3. , , .
4. .
5. .
6. 660 000 .
7. .
8. 1992 .
9. .
Exercise 7
:
shortage below
major insufficient
sufficient in particular
in general excess
to disintegrate minor
sizable join up
above small
behind in front
Exercise 8
, .
Text C
Industry in the U.K.
Principal factors in the industrial prominence of Britain were its Industrial revolution of 18-th century and early leadership in the wool trade, favourable climate, mineral wealth, development of shipping and naval control of the seas and colonial markets. Britain had much greater freedom from political and religious wars existed in continental Europe.
With the invention of mechanically powered machinery, the textile industry grew rapidly and has remained one of the most important industries of Great Britain. Two inventionssteam-powered mining machinery (1765) by James Watt and railroad locomotives (1815) by George Stephensonwere of major importance in the development of British coal and iron-ore resources and in the expansion of iron and steel manufacturing.
Great Britain has remained one of the most highly industrialized countries of the world. In the early 1990s manufacturing and mining industries employed about 18 percent of the workforce and accounted for approximately 24 percent of the GDP. In the same period the approximate yearly production figures were 16.2 million metric tons of crude steel, 1.3 million passenger cars, 172 000 gross registered tons of merchant vessels, 122 200 metric tons of woolen yarn, and 142 million m of woven cotton fabrics. Scotland and Northern Ireland were noted for their production of whiskeys and linen, and England had a large brewing industry. In terms of value, the leading branches of the manufacturing sector were food products, transportation equipment, non-electrical machinery, chemical products, and metals and metal products. The leading manufacturing regions are Greater London and the metropolitan counties of Greater Manchester, West Midlands (Birmingham), and Merseyside (Liverpool). Other important industrial centers were Glasgow, southern Wales, and Belfast.
Energy
Annual electrical output in the early 1990s exceeded 317 billion kilowatt-hours, of which about 75 percent was generated in conventional thermal facilities using fossil fuels. Britain was a pioneer in the development of nuclear plants for the production of electricity. The worlds first commercial-scale nuclear power station at Calder Hall in Cumberland became functional in 1956. By the early 1990s nuclear power supplied about 16 percent of Great Britains electricity production.
Words and expressions
principal factor -
industrial prominence -
industrial revolution -
early leadership -
favourable climate -
mineral wealth -
development of shipping -
naval control -
territorial possessions -
colonial markets -
religious wars -
invention -
machinery - ,
steam-powered -
coal and iron-ore resources -
highly industrialized -
workforce -
GDP (gross domestic product) -
merchant vessel -
woolen yarn -
brewing industry -
leading branches -
transportation equipment -
electrical machinery -
industrial centers -
annual electrical output -
kilowatt-hours -
generate - ()
thermal facilities -
fossil fuel -
nuclear plant -
commercial-scale -
nuclear power station -
electricity production -
Exercise 1
:
1. What are the principal factors in the industrial prominence of Britain?
2. What was the result of the invention of mechanically powered machinery?
3. What inventions were of major importance in the development of British coal and iron-ore resources and in the expansion of iron and steel manufacturing?
4. Has Great Britain remained one of the most highly industrialized countries of the world?
5. What are the leading branches of the manufacturing sector in the U.K.?
6. What are the leading manufacturing regions in the United Kingdom?
7. Was Britain a pioneer in the development of nuclear plants for the production of electricity?
8. What was the annual electrical output in Britain the early 1990s?
Exercise 2
:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
Exercise 3
:
1. The textile industry grew rapidly and has remained one of the most important industries of Great Britain.
2. Industrial prominence of Britain was mainly due to its early industrial revolution 18-th century.
3. Great Britain has remained one of the most highly industrialized countries of the world.
4. In the early 1990s manufacturing and mining industries employed about 18 percent of the workforce.
5. Scotland and Northern Ireland were noted for their production of whiskeys and linen, and England had a large brewing industry.
6. The leading manufacturing regions are Greater London and the metropolitan counties of Greater Manchester, West Midlands (Birmingham), and Merseyside (Liverpool).
7. Annual electrical output in the early 1990s exceeded 317 billion kilowatt-hours.
8. Britain was a pioneer in the development of nuclear plants for the production of electricity.
9. By the early 1990s nuclear power supplied about 16 percent of Great Britains electricity production.
Exercise 4
, :
1. Industrial revolution; early leadership; favorable climate; principal factors; industrial prominence; Britain.
2. Invention; powered machinery; grew rapidly; textile; industry.
3. Steam-powered; mining machinery, James Watt; invention.
4. Highly industrialized; Great Britain; country; world; remained.
5. Yearly production; metric tons; crude steel; passenger cars; Great Britain.
6. Electrical output; annual; Great Britain; exceeded.
Exercise 5
:
1. 18- .
2. , , .
3. : .
4. .
5. 16,2 .
6. : , , .
7. 317 .
8. 75% .
9. 16% .
Exercise 7
, ( , , ).
Text D
Industry in Germany
The economy of Germany is dominated by the manufacturing sector, which produces a great variety of goods. The leading branches of manufacturing in the early 1990s were chemical products, transportation equipment, non-electrical machinery, metals and metal products, electrical machinery, and food products.
Large-scale manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in several areas. The most important industrial area encompasses the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, which includes the steel-producing Ruhr region plus other large manufacturing centers, such as Aachen, Cologne, and Dusseldorf, where chemicals, metal goods, machinery, and motor vehicles are manufactured. Another major industrial region is located around the confluence of the Rhine and Main rivers. Encompassing the cities of Frankfurt am Main, Wiesbaden, Mainz, and Offenbach, it has large factories producing metals, electronic equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and motor vehicles. To the south, along the Rhine, is an important industrial area centered on the cities of Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, and Karlsruhe, where chemicals, machinery, and construction materials are manufactured. Stuttgart is the hub of a manufacturing region in which motor vehicles, electronic equipment, office machinery, textiles, and optical instruments are produced. Products of the Munich area include aircraft, motor vehicles, clothing, and beer. Several important industrial regions are located in northwestern Germany. These include the Hanover-Brunswick area, where steel, chemicals, and motor vehicles are produced. Another major manufacturing region includes such port cities as Hamburg, Bremen, Kiel, and Wilhelmshaven. Among the products of this region are refined petroleum, processed food, beer, ships, office machinery, and printed materials. Berlin is also a major producer of electronic equipment.
About 8000 companies were operating in East Germany in 1990. Of these, however, less than one-fourth was expected to survive in the more competitive economy of a unified Germany. The territory of the former East Germany has a large iron and steel industry, with huge mills near Berlin. Yearly production of crude steel in East Germany in the late 1980s was about 8.2 million metric tons; in unified Germany in the early 1990s it was 39.8 million metric tons. East Germany also produced great amounts of chemicals. Many chemical plants are located in and around Dessau, Hale, and Leipzig. A large petrochemical complex at Schwedt, in the northeast, processes petroleum piped in from Russia. Machinery is produced in numerous cities, especially in the southwest, and eastern Berlin has large factories making electronic equipment. Textiles are produced in several cities, notably Cottbus, Chemnitz, and Leipzig. Germanys industry-oriented economy has damaged the countrys environment. Today Germany faces serious air and water pollution problems.
Energy
Coal was formerly the major source of electrical power in Germany, but its use decreased in the 1970s and 1980s, although it remains an important energy source in the east. Petroleum and nuclear power currently supply much of the countrys electricity. In the south, hydroelectric dams draw power from the large rivers. Germany produces some natural gas and oil of its own, but must import most of what it uses. Although the West German government had previously encouraged the development of nuclear power facilities, in 1989 it reversed its position, partly in a delayed response to the 1986 nuclear disaster at Chernobyl in Ukraine. The policy reversal has led to the closing of some facilities and abandonment of plans to build others. In the early 1990s 21 nuclear reactors produced about 30 percent of Germanys electricity. Total annual electricity production is about 580 billion kilowatt-hours from an installed generating capacity of 134 million kilowatts.
Words and expressions
manufacturing sector -
value -
manufacturing enterprise -
major region -
confluence -
electronic equipment -
motor vehicle -
construction materials -
office machinery -
optical instruments -
survive -
competitive economy -
unified Germany -
petrochemical complex -
industry-oriented economy -
air and water pollution -
major source -
energy source -
hydroelectric dam -
natural gas -
delayed response -
nuclear reactor -
abandonment of plans -
annual -
installed capacity -
Exercise 1
:
1. What the economy of Germany is dominated by?
2. What were the leading branches of manufacturing in Germany in the early 1990s, in terms of value of production?
3. Where the large-scale manufacturing enterprises are concentrated?
4. Where chemicals, machinery, and construction materials are manufactured?
5. Are several important industrial regions located in northwestern Germany? Name them.
6. Machinery is produced in numerous cities, especially in the southwest, isn't it?
7. Has Berlin large factories making electronic equipment?
8. How many companies were operating in East Germany in 1990?
9. Has the territory of the former East Germany a large iron and steel industry?
10.Does Germany face serious air and water pollution problems today?
11.What was the major source of electrical power in Germany formerly?
12.What powers currently supply much of the countrys electricity?
13.What can you say about the development of nuclear power facilities?
14.What is the total annual electricity production in Germany?
Exercise 2
:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; - ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
Exercise 3
:
1. The economy of Germany is dominated by the manufacturing sector.
2. The leading branches of manufacturing are chemical products, transportation equipment.
3. Large-scale manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in several areas.
4. The most important industrial area encompasses the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
5. Chemicals, metal goods, machinery, and motor vehicles are manufactured in Dusseldorf.
6. About 8000 companies were operating in East Germany in 1990.
7. The territory of the former East Germany has a large iron and steel industry.
8. A large petrochemical complex at Schwedt, in the northeast, processes petroleum piped in from Russia.
9. Eastern Berlin has large factories making electronic equipment.
10. Germanys industry-oriented economy has damaged the countrys environment.
11. Coal was formerly the major source of electrical power in Germany.
12. Petroleum and nuclear power currently supply much of the countrys electricity.
13. Germany produces some natural gas and oil of its own.
14. In the early 1990s 21 nuclear reactors produced about 30 percent of Germanys electricity.
Exercise 4
:
1. .
2. , , , , .
3. .
4. , , , , .
5. .
6. , 1980- , 8,2 .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. 1986 .
Exercise 5
, ( , , , ..)
Text E
Industry in France
The manufacturing industries of France compare favorably in volume, variety, and quality of output with those of other nations of Western Europe. About 29 percent of the workforce is employed in manufacturing and industry. In the early 1990s the leading branches of the manufacturing sector, measured by value of production, were food products, transportation equipment, no electrical machinery, electrical machinery, metals, and metal products. Among industries producing durable goods (other than metals), the manufacturing of motor vehicles ranks high; the output of passenger cars was about 3.2 million annually in the early 1990s. The largest manufacturer of automobiles in France is the nationalized Renault firm. Other durable goods produced in significant quantities in France are aircraft, household appliances, no electrical machinery, electronic equipment, and chemicals. Crude steel production was about 18.7 million metric tons in the early 1990s. The French spinning and textile industry is among the largest in the world; the annual production of yarn and cloth from wool, cotton, silk, and synthetic fibers is more than 397 000 metric tons. Sugar beet refining is another important industry, as are food processing, liquor distilling, and the manufacture of various specialized products. In the last-named field, several branches of French industry are internationally renowned for the quality of the articles produced, such as perfumes, gloves, lace, womens hats, womens clothing, tapestry, shawls, clocks, china, glass articles, pottery, furniture, and numerous other luxury items.
Energy
No nation is more dependent on atomic power than France. Nuclear power plants generate about 73 percent of the countrys electricity. Only about 11 percent of Frances electricity output is generated in thermal installations using coal, petroleum products, or natural gas. About 16 percent is produced by hydroelectric facilities. A tidal power facility makes use of the tides of the English Channel in the lower Rance River, near Saint-Malo. In the early 1990s France had an installed electricity generating capacity of about 110 million kilowatts, and annual production was approximately 426 billion kilowatt hours.
Words and expressions
manufacturing industry -
volume -
variety -
workforce -
value of production -
metal products -
durable goods -
manufacturer -
spinning and textile industry -
synthetic fibers -
food processing -
internationally renowned - -
perfumes -
womens clothing -
luxury items -
dependent -
thermal installations -
tidal power -
Exercise 2
:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
Exercise 3
:
1. About 29 percent of the workforce in France is employed in manufacturing and industry.
2. The leading branches of the manufacturing sector in France were food products, transportation equipment, electrical machinery, and metal products.
3. The largest manufacturer of automobiles in France is the nationalized Renault firm.
4. Durable goods are produced in significant quantities in France.
5. The French spinning and textile industry is among the largest in the world.
6. Sugar beet refining is an important industry in France.
7. Several branches of French industry are internationally renowned for the quality of the articles produced.
8. No nation is more dependent on atomic power than France.
9. Only about 11 percent of Frances electricity output is generated in thermal installations using coal, petroleum products, or natural gas.
10. 16 percent of electricity output in France is produced by hydroelectric facilities.
Exercise 4
:
1. 29 .
2. : , , , .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. 73 .
8. 11 % , , , .
Exercise 5
, ( , , - , ..)
Text E
Industry in Japan
Japanese industry suffered extensive damage in World War II. Subsequently, the country undertook a reconstruction that resulted in a complete modernization of its manufacturing facilities. Primary emphasis was placed on the chemical and petrochemical industries and the heavy-machinery industry. By the mid-1950s industrial production had surpassed prewar levels; manufacturing growth averaged 9.4 percent annually during the period from 1965 to 1980 and 6.7 percent a year during the period from 1980 to 1988. Most industry was organized into keiretsu, a group of affiliated companies formed around a major bank. By the early 1990s the role of heavy industry was declining as the Japanese economy evolved and service industries grew in importance. Production in industries such as steel making, in which Japan was among the world leaders, showed steady decline, and shipbuilding, though increasing again in the early 1990s due to the demands of growing world trade, was still far below levels of the early 1980s. Still, Japan is among the world leaders in production of automobiles and electronic equipment. In the early 1990s Japanese industry annually produced 9.4 million passenger vehicles, 98.1 million metric tons of steel, and 12 million gross registered tons of ships. Other manufactures were televisions (12 million), cameras (14.5 million), and watches and clocks (445.8 million). Some 24 percent of the $165 billion in electronic goods produced are computers.
In the early 1990s Japan was also among the leading world producers of basic chemical raw materials. Japan was one of the leading textile manufacturers in the world and among the three largest world producers of synthetic fiber. Silk and cotton production during this period, however, declined in importance to the economy.
Energy
Japan is among the worlds leading countries in the annual production of electricity. About 61 percent of the electricity is generated in thermal plants using coal or petroleum products; hydroelectric facilities account for 11 percent, and nuclear power plants 28 percent. Energy from nuclear reactors is steadily increasing, with about 50 nuclear power plants in operation in the mid-1990s. Japan had an installed electricity-generating capacity of 200 million kilowatts in the early 1990s, and the yearly output of electricity was some 888 billion kilowatt-hours.
Lacking adequate domestic energy resources, Japan depends on fuel imports to meet its energy needs. Oil embargos in the 1970s led to improvements in energy efficiency and conservation, as well as a diversification of energy sources. Japan reduced dependence on petroleum as a source from 75 percent in 1973 to 57 percent in the early 1990s.
Exercise 1
E , .
UNIT 2
Text A.
Republic of Tatarstan
Republic of Tatarstan is located in the Upper Volga region of the Russian Federation. Its one of the most rapidly growing regions. The economic bases of the republic are the oil production and petrochemical sector. Other industry development includes: automotive, aerospace and power generation sectors. According to the official statistics, Tatarstan was the 3-rd among 89 regions of Russian Federation in industrial and agricultural output. Currently the republic produces: 100% of film, 95% of gas turbines, 75% of styrene, 50% of centrifugal electric pumps for oil production, 50% of diesel trucks, 40% of polyethylene, 30% of synthetic rubber, 9% of crude oil in the RF. From mid-90-th the regional economy reported a constant growth. By July 2001, the economy of Tatarstan accumulated about one billion USD of foreign investments.
Tatarstan maintains a unique position in Russia: according to its constitution it is sovereign republic, associated with the Russian Federation. It has its own President, State Council and the Government. According to the republics Constitution, Tatarstan is a subject of International Law and it can establish relations with other countries, exchange diplomatic, trade and other missions. Now Tatarstan has 20 representative offices in Russian regions and foreign countries in including the United States.
Population of Tatarstan is 3,8 million with 1,1 million people living in Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan. There are two official languages in the republic: Tatar and Russian and two principal religions: Muslim and Russian Orthodox.
Apart from oil and gas which are the principal wealth for the republic there are other natural resources such as: gypsum (72 million tons), oil asphalt (12,5 billion tons), building stone (35,3 million cub. meters), brick clay (73,5 million tons), limestone and dolomite (66 million tons). Crude oil resources are estimated at 0,8 billion tons. 67% of the republics land is agricultural and 18% is forest.
Private property on land and sale of land are officially allowed in Tatarstan.
Kazan is 800 kilometers to the east of Moscow. The city houses an international airport. The capital of Tatarstan upholds the necessary infrastructure and since mid-1990s Kazan has became a rather safe city with a low level of criminal activity. The local government pays good attention to the improvement in the appearance of the city and regularly invests in the reconstruction of historical buildings and infrastructure. The republican government is also running a number of long-term social programs to raise the living standards of the population.
Words and expressions:
rapidly growing -
economic bases -
power generation sectors -
industrial -
agricultural -
oil production -
constant growth -
foreign investments -
sovereign state -
establish relations -
subject of international law -
natural resources -
crude oil -
private property -
infrastructure -
level of criminal activity -
to pay good attention -
historical buildings -
long-term social projects -
reconstruction -
historical buildings -
principal religions -
Exercise 1
:
1. In what region of Russia the republic of Tatarstan is located?
2. What are the economic bases of the republic?
3. What industries are developed in Tatarstan?
4. What can you tell about political structure of the republic?
5. Is Tatarstan a subject of International Law?
6. Does Tatarstan have any representation offices in Russia and abroad?
7. What is the population of Tatarstan?
8. What is the population of Kazan?
9. What are the two official languages in the republic?
10. What are the two principal religions in Tatarstan?
11. Is private property on land officially allowed in Tatarstan?
12. What can you tell about the level of criminal activity in Kazan?
Exercise 2
:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
Exercise 3
:
- Tatarstan is one of the most rapidly growing regions of the Russian
Federation located in the Upper Volga region.
- Kazan is a unique architectural and cultural center with a lot of
museums, theaters and other cultural institutions.
- Tatarstan is one of the leaders in industrial and agricultural output in Russian Federation.
- Tatarstan has representative offices in more than 20 Russian regions foreign countries.
5. Population of Tatarstan is nearly 4 million with a greater part of it
living in urban areas.
6. Constitution of the Republic was adopted in 1990.
7. Tatar and Russian languages are two official languages in the
Republic of Tatarstan.
8. Kazans city council pays good attention to the improvement of the
appearance of the city.
9. Long-term social projects are directed to raise the living standards of population.
Exercise 4
, :
1. Located; Volga region; Republic of Tatarstan.
2. Growing; rapidly; region;
3. Bases; economy; oil production; petrochemical sector.
4. Accumulate; investment; foreign; economy; Tatarstan.
5. Official; language; principal; two; religions.
6. Oil; crude; resources; estimated; billion; tons.
7. Gas; oil; principal; wealth; republic.
8. East; Moscow; kilometers; Kazan.
9. Safe; city; become; Kazan.
10. Long-term; government; runs; projects; social.
Exercise 5
:
1. .
2. .
3. 2001 1 .
4. , .
5. , , .
6. 3.8 , 1,1 .
7. , : .
8. , : , , , , .
9. 800 .
10. .
11. 800 .
12. .
13. , .
Exercise 6
, (, , , ..)
Text B
Kazan industrial sector
Boris Pavlov, head of the Kazan city committee on economy and industry, told a press conference on 9 December that the industrial companies in Kazan produced 40.2 billion rubles ($1.3 billion) worth of goods during the first 11 months of 2002. According to this figure, Kazan contributed 0.8 percent of Russia's and 20.1 percent of Tatarstan's total industrial output. The main drivers of this growth are the successful activities of the Kazan Helicopter Plant, Krasnii Vostok brewery, Nefis household chemicals factory, the Kazan Gorbunov aviation plant, and the Kazanorgsintez organic synthesis plant.
An average industrial worker's salary has increased by 35.7 percent this year, reaching 4,153 rubles ($130.5) per month, while energy-system employees receive the highest average wage at 7,004 rubles ($220.2) among Kazan industrial workers. Local timber-industry workers get the lowest average wage at less than $75 per month. The citys industries currently owe 70.8 million rubles ($2.2
million) in back wages, 91 percent of which are owed by the bankrupt Lenin gunpowder plant, which is being restructured, and the Sviyaga electric-devices plant, run by the Russian Defense Ministry.
Official Unemployment will rise by some 30 percent in 2003. Some 9,000 people in Tatarstan will join the ranks of the unemployed in 2003 December, citing the republic's Ministry of Labor and Employment. The bulk of these will be workers from the Tatneft Oil Company and schoolteachers. Some 23,000 people are officially registered as unemployed in Tatarstan. Meanwhile, the KAMAZ automaker in Chally plans to fire 2,500 employees by the end of December in addition to the 3,000 already sacked this year. The layoffs will affect low-qualification workers, economists, and accounting officers.
Words and expressions
committee on economy -
press conference -
according to this figure -
main drivers -
organic synthesis plant -
average -
employee -
timber-industry -
gunpowder plant -
electric-devices plant -
unemployed -
officially registered -
economist -
low-qualification -
bankrupt -
defense ministry -
Exercise 1
:
1. Did Kazan contribute 0.8 percent of Russia's and 20.1 percent of Tatarstan's total industrial output?
2. What are the main drivers of the industrial growth in Kazan?
3. What is an average industrial worker's salary in Kazan?
4. Do the energy-system employees receive the highest average wage among the industrial workers in Kazan? What is this average?
5. What is the official unemployment rate forecast for the year 2003?
6. How many people are officially regis
