.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


How were the degrees of comparison of the old English adjectives formed.




Periodization of the history of the English language. The criteria for the periodization. Who suggest the linguistic criterion of the periodization.

3 :

1) ( . VII. XI .)

2) XII-XV. XV

3) XVI. . 16 17.-

, . 11 . 15- , .

. -

2. What keltic tribes inhabited Britain in the VII c. BC?

, 7. ..

3. What name is earlier, Britain or England?

Britain.

4. What is the starting point of the English language?

Name the OE dialects

, , , (Uessex, Mercia, Northumbria, Kent)

Name the OE written records

. :

- :

, 7 .

Cura Pastorales I

+

- :

(9), (8), (?)

- :

,

- :

. ( ), ,

( )

7. Name of the OE epic poem.

( )

8.Name the morphological classes of the OE verbs. , , - (strong, weak, preterite-present and irregular verbs).

9.What is the characteristic feature of the OE strong verbs? 4 : , ., . II. II .

infinitive past sing. past pl. participle II

writan [i:] wrat [a:] writon [o] written [i]

ceosan [eo:] ceas [ea] curon [u] coren [o]

drinkan [i] drank [a(o)] druncon [u] drunken [u]

stelan [e] stæl [æ] stælon [æ] stolen [o]

specan [e] spæc [æ] spæcon [æ] specen [e]

faran [a] for [o] foron [o] faren [a]

10.How many classes of the OE strong verbs do you know?

1.writan (write)

2.ceosan (choose)

3.drinkan (drink)

4.stelan (steal)

5.specan (speak)

6.faran (go)

7.hatan (call)

11.What Mod.E morphological do the OE strong verbs correspond to?

.

12.What is the characteristic feature of the OE weak verbs?

3 . II . . 3 :

Inf. past sing. participle II

1 : deman demde demd judge (suffix i/j) past pl.

2 : lufian lufode lufod love (suffix oj) e

3 : habban hæfde hæfd have (suffix ai) on

13.What Mod.E morphological class do the OE weak verbs correspond to?

.

14.How many classes of the OE weak verbs do you know?

3 ( 12)

15.Name the OE weak verbs of the 3d class?

Inf. past.sing. participle II

have habban hæfde hæfd

live libban lifde lifd

say seeʒan sægde (sæde) sæʒd (sæd)

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21. What is declension? How many cases there were in OE?

(, , ) .

(), (), (), () ()

22. What is conjugation?

, .

23. What Verbals were there in OE? How where they formed?

:

1.

) -an

b) to anne

bindan to bindanne, deman to demanne

2. 1 ende

3. 2 n ed/-od ( ).

24. Three declensions: the strong declension, the weak declension and the root-stem declension. The strong declension included nouns with vocalic stems (-a, -o, -i, -u), the weak declension comprises n-stem nouns only.

25. A special type, called root-stem, formed several cases by changing the root vowel due to mutation, and not by adding an inflexion.

26. Adjectives in OE had the grammatical categories of gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), number (singular and plural), case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and, partly, instrumental), and degrees of comparison. Every adjective could be declined both according to the strong declension and the weak declension. The weak declension forms were used when the adjective was preceded by a demonstrative pronoun. In all other contexts strong declension forms were used.

How were the degrees of comparison of the old English adjectives formed.

The comparison degree: -ra(re)

The superlative degree: -ost(est)

:

Suppletive forms( )

God-betera-betst good

Micel-mara-maest big

Lytel-laessa-laest little

Yfel-wiersa-wierest bad

28) What classes of the Old English pronouns do you know?

29. . 1 , 2 , this . those, these, them

30. . , . - .

31. I . "" . ; .

32 What was the state language in Britain in ME? What language was taught at schools? What language was spoken at university?

1066 , .

, .

36. In what position was the vowel levelled in ME? And in OE?

en ( ә

 
), /ә/.

37. In what position could a long vowel occur in ME? And in OE?

/ld/, /nd/, /mb/. /ld/, /nd/, /mb/ , .

e , , .

38. In what position could a short vowel occur in ME? And in OE?

,

36 - levelling

37 lengthenting

38 shortening

39) How did the declension system change in ME period? How many cases survived? What are they called? And in Mod.E?

4 (.,.,.,.), (..,.,.,..) * ..

.. . . , (..,.)

(strong,root,weak).

40) How did the verb system change in the ME period? What is simplified? . 7 .

.

41) What is an analytical form? And what period did they appear in the English language? And what analytical forms in Mod. Eng do you know?

, 2 : , , . . , , , . : have come; was taken; will be doing

42 What is a synthetic form? Give some examples Synthetic forms unite both lexical and grammatical meanings in one word. Grammatical forms may be synthetical and analytical. Synthetical:1. inflection (morphemic changes without changing their lexical meaning: sentence, sentences, sentenced);2. suppletivity (combining different roots: be, am, is/are, was/were). oe

43 At what period did the verb forms expressing future action appear in the English language? How did they develop?

. , . shall will

44 At what period did the Continuous forms appear in the English language? How did they develop?

. beon weordan . , ,

45 at what period did the perfect verb forms appear in the English language? How did they develop?

past present perfect , beon habban II.

to be . XVII XVIII to be, . XVIII present perfect . Past perfect XVI . , , , past indefinite. ( when, as soon as, after). past perfect( ).

46 at what period did the articles forms appear in the English language? How did they develop?

an (), , . [:] ; [n] , .

V X se, seo thæt. XI-XII , , , , . Middle English: - () . , . - : the this, that, these, those XII . - , - : , , , .

47 at what period did the gerund forms appear in the English language? How did they develop?

ing. (e.g.: huntende > hunting). - (hunting - ; hunting - ). , , . : ; .

48. French lexical borrowings in the ME period. What social spheres were they found in?

1066 . , . (XI-XIV) . , . . ( government, prince/princess, empire, state ), (justice, equity, plaintiff, judge ), (venison, beef, veal, mutton, port, bacon)

49. The rise of the English language. The first document written in English. When did the English language became a state language?

(1258) . 1362 III . 14 .

50 (51). The starting point of modern English. What historical event is it usually associated with?

(. Great Vowel Shift) , XIVXV . . , , , 17 . (1475). , (, ). ().

52. The great vowel shift ("the narrowing"). What is its phonological characterictic? How did it affect the English pronunciation?

- , 14th- 16thc. + [Au]. :

- ( )

- - ( )

Narrowing:

1. o: - u:

2. {}: - e: - i:

The Great Vowel Shift was not followed by any regular spelling changes which contribute greatly to the present discrepancy between the spoken and written English. The Great Vowel Shift didnt add any new sounds to the vowel system.

- . boot, feet, make .

, , . , , .





:


: 2017-02-25; !; : 1462 |


:

:

.
==> ...

1914 - | 1691 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.056 .