Only a small fraction of what ancient Greeks composed has come down to modern times. The greater part of their literature is irretrievably lost. So it is surprising that Greek literature has exercised such an unparalleled influence. The very words for different dramatic and poetic forms tragedy, comedy, lyric, epic or for the different verse metre jamb, dactyl, hexameter bear witness to its importance. What schoolchild or student of modern times has not heard of Homer, has not dreamed of the mighty deeds of his heroes? What modern reader would not be awed by the breadth of Homers vision of the human race, his insight into human emotions, the charm and meaningfulness of his parables? What poet or lover of poetry would not be captured by the infinite warmth and tenderness of the lyrics of Sappho, Pindar, or Anacreon? Their names may be less familiar than Homers, but their influence has been felt, consciously and unconsciously; and their poetry has given direction to the form and content of songs and poems in all subsequent ages. Equally potent has been the influence of the Greek dramatists, of Sophocles, Aeschylus and Aristophanes. Their individual topics, whether mythological or political, have lost much pertinence, but their general significance has remained undiminished.
. 3. :
1. Sappho, Pindar and Anacreon poetry has given direction to .
2. Greek literature has exercised .
3. The names of are less familiar than Homer, but their influence has been felt.
4. The greater past of Greek literature is .
5. There are different dramatic and poetic forms .
. 4. :
1. What influence has Greek literature exercised on modern literature?
2. What different verse metres are mentioned in the text?
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. 1. , , :
1. The sooner, the (good). 2. I think that rainy autumn is the (bad) season of the year. 3. One of the (rich) libraries in the world is situated in the British Museum. 4. It is the (big) risk I have ever taken. 5. John is (little) musical than his sister. 6. He looked (young) that his years. 7. You are not as (nice) as people think.
. 2. ( Present Perfect):
Model: - Why isnt Nick translating the text?
- He has already translated it.
1. Why arent you buying this house? 2. Why isnt Ann opening the window? 3. Why arent they going to the cinema? 4. Why isnt she making tea? 5. Why arent they returning the document? 6. Why arent you phoning the doctor? 7. Why isnt he bringing the magazine?
. 3. :
1. She has bought a new dress. 2. Dr. Johnson has given an interesting lecture today. 3. They have been to Berlin. 4. We have written some new articles. 5. Allan has washed his clothes. 6. He has shown me her photo. 7. I have heard about it.
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. 4. , - Past Indefinite Present Perfect:
1. He (to forget) to bring my book and I cannot do my lessons. 2. I (to read) much about the historical monuments of the city. 3. He (to close) the window and (to leave) the room. 4. Every evening we (to play) in the garden. 5. In a moment we (to enter) the house. 6. Mr. Worthing (not to return) from town yet. I (to see) this film last week.
. 5. :
1. ? 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. .
. 6. :
1. He did as you had told him. 2. Come tomorrow evening; by that time Ill have finished my work. 3. The old man had laid down his knife and fork, and was staring at his son in amazement. 4. I shall be back by six, and I hope you will have had a good rest by that time.
. 7. , - :
| Present Indefinite | The doctor examines the patients | every morning. | . |
| Past Indefinite | two hours ago. | ||
| Future Indefinite | tomorrow morning. | ||
| Present Continuous | at the moment. | ||
| Past Continuous | at 10 oclock yesterday. | ||
| Fututre Continuous | from 10 to 12 tomorrow morning. | ||
| Present Perfect | just. | ||
| Past Perfect | when the students came. | ||
| Future Perfect | by 12 oclock tomorrow. |
. 8. , . :
1. I shall invite my friends. I shall be invited by my friends. 2. He often sees the girl in the bar. He is often seen in the bar. 3. They often used this expression. The expression was often used by native speakers.
2
. 1. , , :
1. The farther you go, the (long) is the way back. 2. He is 2 years (old) than his brother. 3. He knows the history of your town (good) than you. 4. What is the (large) city in the world? 5. The University of London is the (important) higher school and the (big) research centre in Great Britain. 6. To my mind the (interesting) thing in art is the personality of the artist. 7. It was as (cold) as in winter there.
. 2. ( Present Perfect):
Model: Why isnt Nick translating the text?
- He has already translated it.
1. Why arent you reading the book? 2. Why isnt Pete opening the window? 3. Why inst she showing the document? 4. Why arent you cooking dinner? 5. Why isnt the child drinking the milk? 6. Why arent they thanking Tim? 7. Why arent you calling the doctor?
. 3. :
1. I have brought you the book. 2. We have seen some boys there. 3. The workers have already come back. 4. They have helped me. 5. Robert has thanked us. 6. Sally has called them. 7. They have just gone out.
. 4. , - Past Indefinite Present Perfect:
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1. We already (to learn) 1000 English words. 2. They (to come) to the theatre at 7 oclock. 3. Why are you reading the letter? I (to read) it. 4. No scientist (to do) so much for the development of Russian science as M.Lomonosov. 5. I (not to miss) any lectures this month. 6. The sun (to come) out a moment ago. 7. I (not to sleep) since that night.
. 5. :
1. . 2. ? 3. . 4. . 5. 50 . 6. . 7. .
. 6. :
1. He had finished his work before we came. 2. I shall have worked as a teacher for 20 years by next May. 3. He knew the poem by heart when he had heard it several times. 4. They will have reached the place by noon. 5. Those two had not spoken to each other for three days and were in a state of rage.
. 7. , - :
| Present Indefinite | The teacher marks the test | every day. | . |
| Past Indefinite | two hours ago. | ||
| Future Indefinite | in the evening. | ||
| Present Continuous | at the moment. | ||
| Past Continuous | at 10 oclock last night. | ||
| Future Continuous | from 10 to 12 tomorrow morning. | ||
| Present Perfect | just | ||
| Past Perfect | when the students came. | ||
| Future Perfect | by 2 oclock. |
. 8. , . :
1. I shall give you this photo. The photo will be given to you tomorrow. 2. Mr. Brown teaches English. The students are taught well. 3. They did not allow to smoke here. Smoking was not allowed here.
3
. 1. , , :
1. Two heads are (good) then one. 2. The population of Great Britain is (large) than the population of Belarus. 3. She works at her English (much) than you. 4. That was the (difficult) year in my life. 5. The more books he has read the (interesting) will be his report. 6. He looked much (young) than Sheila or me. 7. My mother was the (proud) of women.
. 2. ( Present Perfect):
Model: Why isnt Nick translating the text?
- He has already translated it.
1. Why arent you thanking Nick? 2. Why isnt he helping you? 3. Why arent you buying this dress? 4. Why isnt she leaving? 5. Why arent you opening the window? 6. Why isnt Jim coming in? 7. Why arent they phoning the hotel?
. 3. :
1. Jim has just come back. 2. Ted and Pete have seen you. 3. She has already shouted at us. 4. We have taken some papers. 5. I have lost your address. 6. They have phoned me. 7. I have helped David.
. 4. , - Past Indefinite Present Perfect:
1. We (to come) home at 7 oclock. 2. The students already (to pass) all their examinations. 3. My friend (to tell) me the news last night. 4. Nobody (to see) you, I am sure. 5. I (to be) always on friendly terms with all my groupmates. 6. He (to do) a great deal of work today. 7. We (to meet) in the club.
. 5. :
1. . 2. - ? 3. . 4. . 5. , . 6. . 7. .
. 6. :
1. Our students had completed the experiment by the end of the last month. 2. He will have returned to the town by the time you come from Moscow. 3. She said she had expected to return to work soon. 4. I shall have been a teacher for 20 years by next May. 5. When they had left, I went down to the beach.
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. 7. , - :
| Present Indefinite | He buys the newspaper | twice a week. | - 2 . |
| Past Indefinite | two hours ago. | ||
| Future Indefinite | in the morning. | ||
| Present Continuous | now. | ||
| Past Continuous | when I came up to him. | ||
| Future Continuous | when you see him. | ||
| Present Perfect | just. | ||
| Past Perfect | before we saw him. | ||
| Future Perfect | by 12 oclock. |
. 8. , . :
1. Bread is made from flour. 2. Mr. White sent two engineers to London. Is Mr. Smith often sent to London, too? 3. They sold books last week. Books were sold in that bookshop. 4. The new research centre was shown to the scientists.
III
LESSON 1
: to ask, to give, to invite, to offer, to order, to pay, to promise, to show, to tell, to teach : (? ?) (?):
They showed the children (?) his photograph (?).
:
1) His photograph was shown to the children. ( ).
2) The children were shown his photograph. (?) ( ).
. , - , (by + (. ). by : The children were shown his photograph by the policeman. .
. 1. , , :
| Pete and Mike The children He The pupils They We | was shown were given were promised was offered will be shown have been promised shall be allowed | his photograph. tickets for the concert. new toys. the post of a headmaster. the new games. a large sum of money. a short trip. |
