1- , .
, , .
(43.3)
(43.3) - . .
, n =N / V,
(43.4)
(43.5)
.
m=Nm 0, (43.4)
= ( ),
V m . , , pV m =RT. ,
(43.6)
M=m 0 N , 0 , a N , (43.6) ,
(43.7)
k=R/N . , 480 /, 1900 /. 40 160 /.
P , V , T , . m ,
R (R = 8,3⁄(∙))
,
.
. .
, , .
i , :
.
U () (, , , . .) .
, . . ( , ). , .