. | . | . | ||
. | ||||
( ) | ( 300 ) . | |||
. | ||||
. | ||||
(1,4--) | -1,3 () | |||
() | . | |||
(1,4--) | . | |||
. | ||||
. | ||||
(2--1,3) | . | |||
. | ||||
. | ||||
. | ||||
. | ||||
. | ||||
. | ||||
. | ||||
. | ||||
- - (-6, ) | | | () | ||
(; -6,6) | . | |||
(R- ). | . | |||
-O-R-O-CO- ( R= | , . | 20-25 . | ||
\ / \ / (R- .) | \ / | . | ||
280 ( ). | ||||
:
|
|
301. , ; ; . . - .
302. , .
303. . , . .
304. . . .
305. . . .
306. . , , . , .
307. . - .
308. .
309. .
310. . , .
311. (, ). , .
312. . . .
313. . . . .
314. . . .
315. . . . .
316. . , . , .
317. . . , . : , .
318. . . , .
319. . . , .
320. . . , .
.
4, 9, 12, 16
() , . - .
:
r, > 10-3 10-4 ¸ 10-5 10-5 ¸ 10-7 <10-7 | ||
c | 1. 2. 3. (, ) 4. ( ) | |
( ) ( ) . , .
|
|
1. , , 0,5 . 19320 /3.
. - .
S S V m.
r:
:
:
, :
: , (-), (-), (-), (-), , (-), (-), (- -), , , - , .
, , , . . , , - . . ( ) -. , .
2. 30 0,006 KJ 40 0,004 AgNO3. . ?
. :
AgNO3 + KJ → AgJ↓ + KNO3.
[mAgJ]. AgJ , : . :
.. n (KJ) > (AgNO3) , KJ .
, J- . K +.
:{ [mAgJ] ∙ nJ- ∙ (n-x)K+}x- ∙ xK+
¾¾ß¾¾ ¾ß¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ß¾¾¾¾¾¾
-
-
¾¾¾¾¾ß¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾ß¾¾
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ß¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ß¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
. . , , .
|
|
, , () - . , , .
.
1. . , , .
γ, : γ = 1 / .
2. - , .
3. . - -, -, -, :
=1:0,016:0,0013:0,0002
3. KNO3, MgCl2, NaBr 50,0; 0,8; 49,0 /. ? . ?
: : γ =1/
, MgCl2 .
, - , , .
- : γ(Na+): γ (+): γ (Mg2+) = 0,0204: 0,02: 1,25 = 1:1: 62,5 -.
, , .
, , .
:
321. ? , .
322. . , . .
323. ? ? ?
324. 0,5 1 3 . , . . 1,8 /3.
325. 60-80% 1 40 . ? ?
326. , 10 . 1 3?
327. H2SiO3 K2SiO3 1. , , . ?
328. , .
329. ? , : NaCl, Fe Cl2, HCl, K2CO3, K2SO4, KOH, H2O, . .
|
|
330. ()2, Ba(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 : 2 . ? . ?
331. , ? . ?
332. Al2(SO4)3 FeSO4, . , , , .
333. ( ) 90-950 . . ?
334. , . : NaCH3COO, Na2SO3, Zn(CH3COO)2, ZnSO3, Al(CH3COO)3, Al2(SO3)2. , ?
335. , , , , , , .
336. CrCl3, Ba(NO3)2, K2SO4 , ?
337. 0,32 / 20,50 /. . -. ?
338. ? .
339. ? .
340. ? .
, | ||
I II | 1, 21, 41, 61, 81, 101, 121,141, 161 181, 201, 221, 241, 261, 281, 301, 321 | |
I II | 2, 22, 42, 62, 82, 102, 122, 142, 162 182, 202, 222, 242, 262, 282, 302, 322 | |
I II | 3, 23, 43, 63, 83, 103, 123, 143, 163 183, 203, 223, 243, 263, 283, 303, 323 | |
I II | 4, 24, 44, 64, 84, 104, 124, 144, 164 184, 204, 224, 244, 264, 284, 304, 324 | |
I II | 5, 25, 45, 65, 85, 105, 125, 145, 165 185, 205, 225, 245, 265, 285, 305, 325 | |
I II | 6, 26, 46, 66, 86, 106, 126, 146, 166 186, 206, 226, 246, 266, 286, 306, 326 | |
I II | 7, 27, 47, 67, 87, 107, 127, 147, 167 187, 207, 227, 247, 267, 287, 307, 327 | |
I II | 8, 28, 48, 68, 88, 108, 128, 148, 168 188, 208, 228, 248, 268, 288, 308, 328 | |
I II | 9, 29, 49, 69, 89, 109, 129, 149, 169 189, 209, 229, 249, 269, 289, 309, 329 | |
I II | 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, 150, 170 190, 210, 230, 250, 270, 290, 310, 330 | |
I II | 11, 31, 51, 71, 91, 111, 131, 151, 171 191,211, 231, 251, 271, 291, 311, 331 | |
I II | 12, 32, 52, 72, 92, 112, 132, 152, 172 192, 212, 232, 252, 272, 292, 312, 332 | |
I II | 13, 33, 53, 73, 93, 113, 133, 153, 173 193, 213, 233, 253, 273, 293, 313, 333 | |
I II | 14, 34, 54, 74, 94, 114, 134, 154, 174 194, 214, 234, 254, 274, 294, 314, 334 | |
, | ||
I II | 15, 35, 55, 75, 95, 115, 135, 155, 175 195, 215, 235, 255, 275, 295, 315, 335 | |
I II | 16, 36, 56, 76, 96, 116, 136, 156, 176 196, 216, 236, 256, 276, 296, 316, 336 | |
I II | 17, 37, 57, 77, 97, 117, 137, 157, 177 197, 217, 237, 257, 277, 297, 317, 337 | |
I II | 18, 38, 58, 78, 98, 118, 138, 158, 178 198, 218, 238, 258, 278, 298, 318, 338 | |
I II | 19, 39, 59, 79, 99, 119, 139, 159, 179 199, 219, 239, 259, 279, 299, 319, 339 | |
I II | 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300, 320, 340 | |
I II | 1, 22, 43, 64, 85, 106, 127, 148, 169 190, 211, 222, 243, 264, 285, 306, 327 | |
I II | 2, 23, 44, 65, 86, 107, 128, 149, 170 191, 212, 223, 244, 265, 286, 307, 328 | |
I II | 3, 24, 45, 66, 87, 108, 129, 150, 171 192, 213, 224, 245, 266, 287, 308, 329 | |
I II | 4, 25, 46, 67, 88, 109, 130, 151, 172 193, 214, 225, 246, 267, 288, 309, 330 | |
I II | 5, 26, 47, 68, 89, 110, 131, 152, 173 194, 215, 226, 247, 268, 289, 310, 331 | |
I II | 6, 27, 48, 69, 90, 111, 132, 153, 174 195, 216, 227, 248, 269, 290, 311, 332 | |
I II | 7, 28, 49, 70, 91, 112, 133, 154, 175 196, 217, 228, 249, 270, 291, 312, 333 | |
I II | 8, 29, 50, 71, 92, 113, 134, 155, 176 197, 218, 229, 250, 271, 292, 313, 334 | |
, | ||
I II | 9, 30, 51, 72, 93, 114, 135, 156, 177 198, 219, 230, 251, 272, 293, 314, 335 | |
I II | 10, 31, 52, 73, 94, 115, 136, 157, 178 199, 220, 231, 252, 273, 294, 315, 336 | |
I II | 11, 32, 53, 74, 95, 116, 137, 158, 179 200, 201, 232, 253, 274, 295, 316, 337 | |
I II | 12, 33, 54, 75, 96, 117, 138, 159, 180 181, 202, 233, 254, 275, 296, 317, 338 | |
I II | 13, 34, 55, 76, 97, 118, 139, 160, 161 182, 203, 234, 255, 276, 297, 318, 339 | |
I II | 14, 35, 56, 77, 98, 119, 140, 141, 162 183, 204, 235, 256, 277, 298, 319, 340 | |
I II | 15, 36, 57, 78, 99, 120, 121, 142, 163 184, 205, 236, 257, 278, 299, 320, 322 | |
I II | 16, 37, 58, 79, 100, 101, 122, 143, 164 185, 206, 237, 258, 279, 300, 301, 323 | |
I II | 17, 38, 59, 80, 81, 102, 123, 144, 165 186, 207, 238, 259, 280, 281, 302, 324 | |
I II | 18, 39, 60, 65, 86, 107, 128, 145, 166 187, 208, 239, 260, 261, 282, 303, 325 | |
I II | 19, 40, 44, 66, 87, 108, 129, 146, 167 188, 209, 240, 241, 262, 283, 304, 326 | |
I II | 20, 23, 45, 67, 88, 109, 130, 147, 168 189, 210, 221, 242, 263, 284, 305, 327 | |
I II | 2, 24, 46, 68, 89, 110, 131, 148, 170 190, 201, 223, 241, 265, 281, 306, 328 | |
I II | 3, 25, 47, 69, 90, 111, 132, 149, 171 191, 202, 224, 242, 266, 282, 307, 329 | |
I II | 4, 26, 48, 70, 91, 112, 133, 150, 172 192, 203, 225, 243, 267, 283, 308, 330 | |
, | ||
I II | 5, 27, 49, 71, 92, 113, 134, 151, 173 193, 204, 226, 244, 268, 284, 309, 331 | |
I II | 6, 28, 50, 72, 93, 114, 135, 152, 174 194, 205, 227, 245, 269, 285, 310, 332 | |
I II | 7, 29, 51, 73, 94, 115, 136, 153, 175 195, 206, 228, 246, 270, 286, 311, 333 | |
I II | 8, 30, 52, 74, 95, 116, 137, 154, 176 196, 207, 229, 247, 271, 287, 312, 334 | |
I II | 9, 31, 53, 75, 96, 117, 138, 155, 177 197, 208, 230, 248, 272, 288, 313, 335 | |
I II | 10, 32, 54, 76, 97, 118, 139, 156, 178 198, 209, 231, 249, 273, 289, 314, 336 | |
I II | 11, 33, 55, 77, 98, 119, 140, 157, 179 199, 210, 232, 250, 274, 290, 315, 337 | |
I II | 12, 34, 56, 78, 99, 120, 122, 158, 180 200, 211, 233, 251, 275, 291, 316, 338 | |
I II | 13, 35, 57, 79, 100, 103, 121, 159, 169 182, 212, 234, 252, 276, 292, 317, 321 | |
I II | 14, 36, 58, 80, 85, 104, 123, 160, 161 183, 213, 235, 253, 277, 293, 318, 322 | |
I II | 15, 37, 59, 61, 84, 105, 124, 141, 162 184, 214, 236, 254, 278, 294, 319, 323 | |
I II | 16, 38, 60, 62, 83, 106, 125, 143, 163 185, 215, 237, 255, 279, 295, 320, 324 | |
I II | 17, 33, 41, 63, 82, 101, 126, 142, 164 186, 216, 238, 256, 280, 296, 301, 325 | |
I II | 18, 40, 42, 61, 81, 102, 127, 144, 165 187, 217, 239, 257, 271, 297, 302, 326 | |
I II | 19, 21, 43, 62, 87, 103, 128, 145, 166 188, 218, 240, 258, 272, 298, 303, 327 | |
, | ||
I II | 20, 22, 41, 63, 88, 104, 129, 146, 167 189, 219, 223, 259, 273, 299, 304, 328 | |
I II | 1, 24, 42, 64, 89, 105, 130, 147, 168 190, 220, 222, 260, 274, 300, 305, 329 | |
I II | 3, 25, 43, 65, 90, 106, 131, 148, 169 191, 201, 221, 250, 275, 281, 301, 330 | |
I II | 4, 26, 44, 66, 91, 107, 132, 149, 170 192, 202, 222, 251, 276, 282, 302, 331 | |
I II | 5, 27, 45, 67, 92, 108, 133, 150, 171 193, 203, 223, 252, 277, 283, 303, 332 | |
I II | 6, 28, 46, 68, 93, 109, 134, 151, 172 194, 204, 224, 253, 278, 284, 304, 333 | |
I II | 7, 29, 47, 69, 94, 110, 135, 152, 173 195, 205, 225, 254, 279, 285, 305, 334 | |
I II | 8, 30, 48, 70, 95, 111, 136, 153, 174 196, 206, 226, 255, 280, 286, 306, 335 | |
I II | 9, 31, 49, 71, 96, 112, 137, 154, 175 197, 207, 227, 256, 261, 287, 307, 336 | |
I II | 10, 32, 50, 72, 97, 113, 138, 155, 176 198, 208, 228, 257, 262, 288, 308, 337 | |
I II | 11, 33, 51, 73, 98, 114, 139, 156, 177 199, 209, 229, 258, 263, 289, 309, 338 | |
I II | 12, 34, 52, 74, 99, 115, 140, 157, 178 200, 210, 230, 259, 264, 290, 310, 339 | |
I II | 13, 35, 53, 75, 100, 116, 121, 158, 179 181, 211, 231, 260, 265, 291, 311, 340 | |
I II | 14, 36, 54, 76, 86, 117, 122, 159, 180 182, 212, 232, 241, 266, 292, 312, 321 | |
I II | 15, 37, 55, 77, 85, 118, 123, 160, 162 183, 213, 233, 242, 267, 293, 313, 322 | |
, | ||
I II | 16, 38, 56, 78, 84, 119, 124, 142, 161 184, 214, 234, 243, 268, 294, 314, 323 | |
I II | 17, 39, 57, 79, 83, 120, 125, 141, 163 185, 215, 235, 244, 269, 295, 315, 324 | |
I II | 18, 40, 58, 80, 82, 101, 126, 143, 164 186, 216, 236, 245, 270, 296, 316, 325 | |
I II | 19, 23, 59, 61, 81, 102, 127, 144, 165 187, 217, 237, 246, 271, 297, 317, 326 | |
I II | 20, 21, 60, 62, 100, 103, 128, 145, 166 188, 218, 238, 247, 272298, 318, 327 | |
I II | 4, 22, 51, 63, 99, 104, 129, 146, 167 189, 219, 239, 248, 273, 300, 319, 328 | |
I II | 5, 23, 52, 64, 98, 105, 130, 147, 168 190, 220, 240, 249, 274, 281, 320, 329 | |
I II | 6, 24, 53, 65, 97, 106, 131, 148, 169 191, 211, 231, 250, 275, 282, 301, 330 | |
I II | 7, 25, 54, 66, 96, 107, 132, 149, 170 192, 212, 232, 251, 276, 283, 302, 334 | |
I II | 8, 26, 55, 67, 95, 108, 133, 150, 171 193, 213, 233, 252, 277, 284, 303, 335 | |
I II | 9, 27, 56, 68, 94, 109, 134, 151, 172 194, 214, 234, 253, 278, 285, 304, 336 | |
I II | 10, 28, 57, 69, 93, 110, 135, 152, 173 195, 215, 235, 254, 279, 286, 305, 337 | |
I II | 11, 29, 58, 70, 92, 111, 136, 153, 174 196, 216, 236, 255, 280, 287, 306, 338 | |
I II | 12, 30, 59, 71, 91, 112, 137, 154, 175 197, 217, 237, 256, 264, 288, 307, 339 | |
I II | 13, 31, 60, 72, 90, 113, 138, 155, 176 198, 218, 238, 257, 265, 289, 308, 340 | |
, | ||
I II | 14, 32, 41, 73, 89, 114, 139, 156, 177 199, 219, 239, 258, 266, 290, 309, 331 | |
I II | 15, 33, 42, 74, 88, 115, 140, 157, 178 200, 220, 240, 259, 267, 291, 310, 332 | |
I II | 16, 34, 43, 75, 87, 116, 131, 158, 179 181, 201, 221, 260, 268, 292, 311, 333 | |
I II | 17, 35, 44, 76, 86, 117, 132, 159, 180 182, 202, 222, 241, 269, 293, 312, 321 | |
I II | 18, 36, 45, 77, 85, 118, 133, 160, 161 183, 203, 223, 242, 270, 294, 313, 322 | |
I II | 19, 37, 46, 78, 84, 119, 134, 141, 162 184, 204, 224, 243, 261, 295, 314, 323 | |
I II | 20, 38, 47, 79, 83, 120, 135, 142, 163 185, 205, 225, 244, 262, 296, 315, 324 | |
I II | 1, 39, 48, 80, 82, 110, 136, 143, 164 186, 206, 226, 245, 263, 297, 316, 325 | |
I II | 2, 40, 49, 61, 81, 111, 137, 144, 165 187, 207, 227, 246, 271, 298, 317, 326 | |
I II | 3, 24, 50, 62, 100, 112, 138, 145, 166 188, 208, 228, 247, 272, 299, 318, 327 | |
I II | 4, 25, 51, 63, 99, 113, 139, 146, 167 189, 209, 229, 248, 273, 300, 319, 328 | |
I II | 5, 26, 52, 64, 98, 114, 140, 147, 168 190, 210, 230, 249, 274, 281, 320, 329 |
|
|
1. 0298, /
0298, / | 0298, / | ||
22 () | + 226,75 | 2 () | - 241,83 |
24 () | + 52,28 | 2 () | - 285,84 |
26 () | - 84,67 | Fe2O3 () | - 822,10 |
25 () | - 235,31 | l23 () | - 1669,80 |
4 () | - 74,85 | ()2 () | - 986,50 |
N () | + 90,37 | 2 () | - 59,83 |
N2O () | + 82.01 | l () | - 92,31 |
NH3 () | - 46,19 | N4l () | - 315,39 |
2 () | - 393,51 | 25 () | -276,98 |
() | -110,53 | 22 () | -187,86 |
SO2 () | -296,90 | SO3 () | 395,85 |
2. S0298
S0298, / | S0298, / | ||
() | 5,69 | () | 197,91 |
g () | 32,68 | 22 () | 200.82 |
Na () | 51,21 | 2 () | 205,03 |
S (, ) | 31,90 | 2S () | 205,64 |
() | 213,80 | NO () | 210,20 |
() | 38,07 | 2 () | 213,65 |
gO () | 61,50 | l2 () | 222,95 |
2 () | 69,94 | NO2 () | 240,46 |
S0298, / | S0298, / | ||
2 () | 188,72 | SO2 () | 248,07 |
2 () | 130,59 | SO3 () | 256,69 |
Fe3O4 () | 146,19 | FeO () | 60,75 |
4 () | 186,19 | NaCl () | 72,13 |
l () | 186,68 | 3 () | 112,13 |
N2 () | 191,49 | 3 () | 91,71 |
NH3 () | 192,50 | gCO3 () | 65,10 |
3. G0298
G0298, / | G0298, / | ||
Fe () | N2 () | ||
S (, ) | 2 () | -394,38 | |
l () | () | -137,27 | |
Al2O3 () | -1582,27 | 4 () | -50,79 |
() | -528,40 | 22 () | +209,20 |
FeO () | -243,30 | NO () | +86, 69 |
Fe2O3 () | -740,34 | NH3 () | -16,48 |
Fe3O4 () | -1014.20 | 2S () | -51,42 |
() | -604,20 | 2 () | -228,59 |
uO () | -134,26 | 2 () | -237,19 |
nO () | -363,34 | 22 () | -120,52 |
PbO () | -188,20 | 3 () | -1138,80 |
O2 () | 3 () | -1128,75 | |
2 () | MgCO3 () | -1012,15 | |
MgO () | -569,27 |
4.
H2SO3 | K1=1,3 .10-2 |
H2CO3 | K1=4,45.10-7 |
Cepoo H2S | .=8,9.10-8 |
H3PO4 | .=7,11.10-3 |
5. 25 ˚.
Al(OH)3 | 1,9.10-33 |
Fe(OH)3 | 3,8.10-38 |
Zn(OH)2 | 1,0.10-17 |
Cd(OH)2 | 2,0.10-14 |
6. ()