.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





. . .
.
( ) ( 300 ) .
.
.
(1,4--) -1,3 ()
() .
(1,4--) .
  .
  .
(2--1,3) .
.
.
    .
.
  .
.
.  
.
- - (-6, ) | ()
(; -6,6) .
(R- ).     .
-O-R-O-CO- ( R=     , . 20-25 .
\ / \ / (R- .) \ /   .
    280 ( ).
         

:

 

301. , ; ; . . - .

302. , .

303. . , . .

304. . . .

305. . . .

306. . , , . , .

307. . - .

308. .

309. .

310. . , .

311. (, ). , .

312. . . .

313. . . . .

314. . . .

315. . . . .

316. . , . , .

317. . . , . : , .

318. . . , .

319. . . , .

320. . . , .

 

 

.

4, 9, 12, 16

() , . - .

:

r, > 10-3 10-4 ¸ 10-5 10-5 ¸ 10-7 <10-7
c   1. 2. 3. (, ) 4. ( )
     

( ) ( ) . , .

1. , , 0,5 . 19320 /3.

. - .

S S V m.

r:

:

:

, :

: , (-), (-), (-), (-), , (-), (-), (- -), , , - , .

, , , . . , , - . . ( ) -. , .

2. 30 0,006 KJ 40 0,004 AgNO3. . ?

. :

AgNO3 + KJ → AgJ↓ + KNO3.

[mAgJ]. AgJ , : . :

.. n (KJ) > (AgNO3) , KJ .

, J- . K +.

:{ [mAgJ] ∙ nJ- ∙ (n-x)K+}x- ∙ xK+

¾¾ß¾¾ ¾ß¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ß¾¾¾¾¾¾

-

-

¾¾¾¾¾ß¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾ß¾¾

¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ß¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾

¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ß¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾

. . , , .

, , () - . , , .

.

1. . , , .

γ, : γ = 1 / .

2. - , .

3. . - -, -, -, :

=1:0,016:0,0013:0,0002

3. KNO3, MgCl2, NaBr 50,0; 0,8; 49,0 /. ? . ?

: : γ =1/

, MgCl2 .

, - , , .

- : γ(Na+): γ (+): γ (Mg2+) = 0,0204: 0,02: 1,25 = 1:1: 62,5 -.

, , .

, , .

:

 

321. ? , .

322. . , . .

323. ? ? ?

324. 0,5 1 3 . , . . 1,8 /3.

325. 60-80% 1 40 . ? ?

326. , 10 . 1 3?

327. H2SiO3 K2SiO3 1. , , . ?

328. , .

329. ? , : NaCl, Fe Cl2, HCl, K2CO3, K2SO4, KOH, H2O, . .

330. ()2, Ba(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 : 2 . ? . ?

331. , ? . ?

332. Al2(SO4)3 FeSO4, . , , , .

333. ( ) 90-950 . . ?

334. , . : NaCH3COO, Na2SO3, Zn(CH3COO)2, ZnSO3, Al(CH3COO)3, Al2(SO3)2. , ?

335. , , , , , , .

336. CrCl3, Ba(NO3)2, K2SO4 , ?

337. 0,32 / 20,50 /. . -. ?

338. ? .

339. ? .

340. ? .

 

,
  I II 1, 21, 41, 61, 81, 101, 121,141, 161 181, 201, 221, 241, 261, 281, 301, 321
  I II 2, 22, 42, 62, 82, 102, 122, 142, 162 182, 202, 222, 242, 262, 282, 302, 322
  I II 3, 23, 43, 63, 83, 103, 123, 143, 163 183, 203, 223, 243, 263, 283, 303, 323
  I II 4, 24, 44, 64, 84, 104, 124, 144, 164 184, 204, 224, 244, 264, 284, 304, 324
  I II 5, 25, 45, 65, 85, 105, 125, 145, 165 185, 205, 225, 245, 265, 285, 305, 325
  I II 6, 26, 46, 66, 86, 106, 126, 146, 166 186, 206, 226, 246, 266, 286, 306, 326
  I II 7, 27, 47, 67, 87, 107, 127, 147, 167 187, 207, 227, 247, 267, 287, 307, 327
  I II 8, 28, 48, 68, 88, 108, 128, 148, 168 188, 208, 228, 248, 268, 288, 308, 328
  I II 9, 29, 49, 69, 89, 109, 129, 149, 169 189, 209, 229, 249, 269, 289, 309, 329
  I II 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, 150, 170 190, 210, 230, 250, 270, 290, 310, 330
  I II 11, 31, 51, 71, 91, 111, 131, 151, 171 191,211, 231, 251, 271, 291, 311, 331
  I II 12, 32, 52, 72, 92, 112, 132, 152, 172 192, 212, 232, 252, 272, 292, 312, 332
  I II 13, 33, 53, 73, 93, 113, 133, 153, 173 193, 213, 233, 253, 273, 293, 313, 333
  I II 14, 34, 54, 74, 94, 114, 134, 154, 174 194, 214, 234, 254, 274, 294, 314, 334  
  ,
  I II 15, 35, 55, 75, 95, 115, 135, 155, 175 195, 215, 235, 255, 275, 295, 315, 335
  I II 16, 36, 56, 76, 96, 116, 136, 156, 176 196, 216, 236, 256, 276, 296, 316, 336
  I II 17, 37, 57, 77, 97, 117, 137, 157, 177 197, 217, 237, 257, 277, 297, 317, 337
  I II 18, 38, 58, 78, 98, 118, 138, 158, 178 198, 218, 238, 258, 278, 298, 318, 338
  I II 19, 39, 59, 79, 99, 119, 139, 159, 179 199, 219, 239, 259, 279, 299, 319, 339
  I II 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300, 320, 340
  I II 1, 22, 43, 64, 85, 106, 127, 148, 169 190, 211, 222, 243, 264, 285, 306, 327
  I II 2, 23, 44, 65, 86, 107, 128, 149, 170 191, 212, 223, 244, 265, 286, 307, 328
  I II 3, 24, 45, 66, 87, 108, 129, 150, 171 192, 213, 224, 245, 266, 287, 308, 329
  I II 4, 25, 46, 67, 88, 109, 130, 151, 172 193, 214, 225, 246, 267, 288, 309, 330
  I II 5, 26, 47, 68, 89, 110, 131, 152, 173 194, 215, 226, 247, 268, 289, 310, 331
  I II 6, 27, 48, 69, 90, 111, 132, 153, 174 195, 216, 227, 248, 269, 290, 311, 332
  I II 7, 28, 49, 70, 91, 112, 133, 154, 175 196, 217, 228, 249, 270, 291, 312, 333
  I II   8, 29, 50, 71, 92, 113, 134, 155, 176 197, 218, 229, 250, 271, 292, 313, 334  
,
  I II 9, 30, 51, 72, 93, 114, 135, 156, 177 198, 219, 230, 251, 272, 293, 314, 335
  I II 10, 31, 52, 73, 94, 115, 136, 157, 178 199, 220, 231, 252, 273, 294, 315, 336
  I II 11, 32, 53, 74, 95, 116, 137, 158, 179 200, 201, 232, 253, 274, 295, 316, 337
  I II 12, 33, 54, 75, 96, 117, 138, 159, 180 181, 202, 233, 254, 275, 296, 317, 338
  I II 13, 34, 55, 76, 97, 118, 139, 160, 161 182, 203, 234, 255, 276, 297, 318, 339
  I II 14, 35, 56, 77, 98, 119, 140, 141, 162 183, 204, 235, 256, 277, 298, 319, 340
  I II 15, 36, 57, 78, 99, 120, 121, 142, 163 184, 205, 236, 257, 278, 299, 320, 322
  I II 16, 37, 58, 79, 100, 101, 122, 143, 164 185, 206, 237, 258, 279, 300, 301, 323
  I II 17, 38, 59, 80, 81, 102, 123, 144, 165 186, 207, 238, 259, 280, 281, 302, 324
  I II 18, 39, 60, 65, 86, 107, 128, 145, 166 187, 208, 239, 260, 261, 282, 303, 325
  I II 19, 40, 44, 66, 87, 108, 129, 146, 167 188, 209, 240, 241, 262, 283, 304, 326
  I II 20, 23, 45, 67, 88, 109, 130, 147, 168 189, 210, 221, 242, 263, 284, 305, 327
  I II 2, 24, 46, 68, 89, 110, 131, 148, 170 190, 201, 223, 241, 265, 281, 306, 328
  I II 3, 25, 47, 69, 90, 111, 132, 149, 171 191, 202, 224, 242, 266, 282, 307, 329
  I II 4, 26, 48, 70, 91, 112, 133, 150, 172 192, 203, 225, 243, 267, 283, 308, 330
,
  I II 5, 27, 49, 71, 92, 113, 134, 151, 173 193, 204, 226, 244, 268, 284, 309, 331
  I II 6, 28, 50, 72, 93, 114, 135, 152, 174 194, 205, 227, 245, 269, 285, 310, 332
  I II 7, 29, 51, 73, 94, 115, 136, 153, 175 195, 206, 228, 246, 270, 286, 311, 333
  I II 8, 30, 52, 74, 95, 116, 137, 154, 176 196, 207, 229, 247, 271, 287, 312, 334
  I II 9, 31, 53, 75, 96, 117, 138, 155, 177 197, 208, 230, 248, 272, 288, 313, 335
  I II 10, 32, 54, 76, 97, 118, 139, 156, 178 198, 209, 231, 249, 273, 289, 314, 336
  I II 11, 33, 55, 77, 98, 119, 140, 157, 179 199, 210, 232, 250, 274, 290, 315, 337
  I II 12, 34, 56, 78, 99, 120, 122, 158, 180 200, 211, 233, 251, 275, 291, 316, 338
  I II 13, 35, 57, 79, 100, 103, 121, 159, 169 182, 212, 234, 252, 276, 292, 317, 321
  I II 14, 36, 58, 80, 85, 104, 123, 160, 161 183, 213, 235, 253, 277, 293, 318, 322
  I II 15, 37, 59, 61, 84, 105, 124, 141, 162 184, 214, 236, 254, 278, 294, 319, 323
  I II 16, 38, 60, 62, 83, 106, 125, 143, 163 185, 215, 237, 255, 279, 295, 320, 324
  I II 17, 33, 41, 63, 82, 101, 126, 142, 164 186, 216, 238, 256, 280, 296, 301, 325
  I II 18, 40, 42, 61, 81, 102, 127, 144, 165 187, 217, 239, 257, 271, 297, 302, 326
  I II 19, 21, 43, 62, 87, 103, 128, 145, 166 188, 218, 240, 258, 272, 298, 303, 327
,
  I II 20, 22, 41, 63, 88, 104, 129, 146, 167 189, 219, 223, 259, 273, 299, 304, 328
  I II 1, 24, 42, 64, 89, 105, 130, 147, 168 190, 220, 222, 260, 274, 300, 305, 329
  I II 3, 25, 43, 65, 90, 106, 131, 148, 169 191, 201, 221, 250, 275, 281, 301, 330
  I II 4, 26, 44, 66, 91, 107, 132, 149, 170 192, 202, 222, 251, 276, 282, 302, 331
  I II 5, 27, 45, 67, 92, 108, 133, 150, 171 193, 203, 223, 252, 277, 283, 303, 332
  I II 6, 28, 46, 68, 93, 109, 134, 151, 172 194, 204, 224, 253, 278, 284, 304, 333
  I II 7, 29, 47, 69, 94, 110, 135, 152, 173 195, 205, 225, 254, 279, 285, 305, 334
  I II 8, 30, 48, 70, 95, 111, 136, 153, 174 196, 206, 226, 255, 280, 286, 306, 335
  I II 9, 31, 49, 71, 96, 112, 137, 154, 175 197, 207, 227, 256, 261, 287, 307, 336
  I II 10, 32, 50, 72, 97, 113, 138, 155, 176 198, 208, 228, 257, 262, 288, 308, 337
  I II 11, 33, 51, 73, 98, 114, 139, 156, 177 199, 209, 229, 258, 263, 289, 309, 338
  I II 12, 34, 52, 74, 99, 115, 140, 157, 178 200, 210, 230, 259, 264, 290, 310, 339
  I II 13, 35, 53, 75, 100, 116, 121, 158, 179 181, 211, 231, 260, 265, 291, 311, 340
  I II 14, 36, 54, 76, 86, 117, 122, 159, 180 182, 212, 232, 241, 266, 292, 312, 321
  I II 15, 37, 55, 77, 85, 118, 123, 160, 162 183, 213, 233, 242, 267, 293, 313, 322
,
  I II 16, 38, 56, 78, 84, 119, 124, 142, 161 184, 214, 234, 243, 268, 294, 314, 323
  I II 17, 39, 57, 79, 83, 120, 125, 141, 163 185, 215, 235, 244, 269, 295, 315, 324
  I II 18, 40, 58, 80, 82, 101, 126, 143, 164 186, 216, 236, 245, 270, 296, 316, 325
  I II 19, 23, 59, 61, 81, 102, 127, 144, 165 187, 217, 237, 246, 271, 297, 317, 326
  I II 20, 21, 60, 62, 100, 103, 128, 145, 166 188, 218, 238, 247, 272298, 318, 327
  I II 4, 22, 51, 63, 99, 104, 129, 146, 167 189, 219, 239, 248, 273, 300, 319, 328
  I II 5, 23, 52, 64, 98, 105, 130, 147, 168 190, 220, 240, 249, 274, 281, 320, 329
  I II 6, 24, 53, 65, 97, 106, 131, 148, 169 191, 211, 231, 250, 275, 282, 301, 330
  I II 7, 25, 54, 66, 96, 107, 132, 149, 170 192, 212, 232, 251, 276, 283, 302, 334
  I II 8, 26, 55, 67, 95, 108, 133, 150, 171 193, 213, 233, 252, 277, 284, 303, 335
  I II 9, 27, 56, 68, 94, 109, 134, 151, 172 194, 214, 234, 253, 278, 285, 304, 336
  I II 10, 28, 57, 69, 93, 110, 135, 152, 173 195, 215, 235, 254, 279, 286, 305, 337
  I II 11, 29, 58, 70, 92, 111, 136, 153, 174 196, 216, 236, 255, 280, 287, 306, 338
  I II 12, 30, 59, 71, 91, 112, 137, 154, 175 197, 217, 237, 256, 264, 288, 307, 339
  I II 13, 31, 60, 72, 90, 113, 138, 155, 176 198, 218, 238, 257, 265, 289, 308, 340
,
  I II 14, 32, 41, 73, 89, 114, 139, 156, 177 199, 219, 239, 258, 266, 290, 309, 331
  I II 15, 33, 42, 74, 88, 115, 140, 157, 178 200, 220, 240, 259, 267, 291, 310, 332
  I II 16, 34, 43, 75, 87, 116, 131, 158, 179 181, 201, 221, 260, 268, 292, 311, 333
  I II 17, 35, 44, 76, 86, 117, 132, 159, 180 182, 202, 222, 241, 269, 293, 312, 321
  I II 18, 36, 45, 77, 85, 118, 133, 160, 161 183, 203, 223, 242, 270, 294, 313, 322
  I II 19, 37, 46, 78, 84, 119, 134, 141, 162 184, 204, 224, 243, 261, 295, 314, 323
  I II 20, 38, 47, 79, 83, 120, 135, 142, 163 185, 205, 225, 244, 262, 296, 315, 324
  I II 1, 39, 48, 80, 82, 110, 136, 143, 164 186, 206, 226, 245, 263, 297, 316, 325
  I II 2, 40, 49, 61, 81, 111, 137, 144, 165 187, 207, 227, 246, 271, 298, 317, 326
  I II 3, 24, 50, 62, 100, 112, 138, 145, 166 188, 208, 228, 247, 272, 299, 318, 327
  I II 4, 25, 51, 63, 99, 113, 139, 146, 167 189, 209, 229, 248, 273, 300, 319, 328
  I II 5, 26, 52, 64, 98, 114, 140, 147, 168 190, 210, 230, 249, 274, 281, 320, 329

 

 

1. 0298, /

0298, / 0298, /
22 () + 226,75 2 () - 241,83
24 () + 52,28 2 () - 285,84
26 () - 84,67 Fe2O3 () - 822,10
25 () - 235,31 l23 () - 1669,80
4 () - 74,85 ()2 () - 986,50
N () + 90,37 2 () - 59,83
N2O () + 82.01 l () - 92,31
NH3 () - 46,19 N4l () - 315,39
2 () - 393,51 25 () -276,98
() -110,53 22 () -187,86
SO2 () -296,90 SO3 () 395,85

 

2. S0298

S0298, /   S0298, /  
() 5,69 () 197,91
g () 32,68 22 () 200.82
Na () 51,21 2 () 205,03
S (, ) 31,90 2S () 205,64
() 213,80 NO () 210,20
() 38,07 2 () 213,65
gO () 61,50 l2 () 222,95
2 () 69,94 NO2 () 240,46
S0298, /   S0298, /  
2 () 188,72 SO2 () 248,07
2 () 130,59 SO3 () 256,69
Fe3O4 () 146,19 FeO () 60,75
4 () 186,19 NaCl () 72,13
l () 186,68 3 () 112,13
N2 () 191,49 3 () 91,71
NH3 () 192,50 gCO3 () 65,10

 

3. G0298

G0298, / G0298, /
Fe ()   N2 ()  
S (, )   2 () -394,38
l ()   () -137,27
Al2O3 () -1582,27 4 () -50,79
() -528,40 22 () +209,20
FeO () -243,30 NO () +86, 69
Fe2O3 () -740,34 NH3 () -16,48
Fe3O4 () -1014.20 2S () -51,42
() -604,20 2 () -228,59
uO () -134,26 2 () -237,19
nO () -363,34 22 () -120,52
PbO () -188,20 3 () -1138,80
O2 ()   3 () -1128,75
2 ()   MgCO3 () -1012,15
MgO () -569,27    

4.

H2SO3 K1=1,3 .10-2
H2CO3 K1=4,45.10-7
Cepoo H2S .=8,9.10-8
H3PO4 .=7,11.10-3

5. 25 ˚.

Al(OH)3 1,9.10-33
Fe(OH)3 3,8.10-38
Zn(OH)2 1,0.10-17
Cd(OH)2 2,0.10-14

 

 

6. ()





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