1
: NOVA.
: , .
1.
() , 0. (< 1 . ), (1-10 . .), (10-25 . .) (> 25 . ). , - , . , , ( ) ( ). , , . , , . , Inmarsat, Emsat Turaya , (GPS, ˲) , ( Iridium, Globalstar Orbcomm) , .
( . [1,2]), . - . , ( ) , . NOVA for Windows, Northern Lights Software Associates (NLSA). - ( ). .
2.1. . Next. , . ϳ , Next. ϳ .
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2.2. NOVA, Windows. , , OK, Continue.
2.3. (.1.1).
1
1.1
() | |
A-1 (ASTERIX), EKRAN 1 | |
ADEOS, INMARSAT 2-F1 | |
QUAKESAT, KOREASAT 5 | |
KOMPASS, FEDSAT | |
KYOKKO 1 DEB, FALCONSAT 3 | |
EGYPTSAT 1, NAVSTAR 10 | |
GENESIS 2, NADEZHDA 3 | |
BRAZILSAT B2, NATO 2A | |
OKEAN 1, TELSTAR 1 | |
OLYMPUS 1, KITSAT 3 | |
DNEPR 1 DEB, TRANSIT 5B 3 | |
DYNAMICS EXPLORER 1, MOLNIA 1-29 | |
TOPSAT, LANDGEOS 2 | |
RADUGA 10, INMARSAT 2-F1 | |
METEOR 1-11, EUTELSAT 1-F1 | |
EXPLORER 22, EQUATOR S | |
OKEAN 1, GALAXY 1 | |
IKONOS 2, EKRAN 20 | |
IRIDIUM 10, EUTELSAT W3 | |
INTERCOSMOS 25, ORBCOMM 7 | |
ITALSAT 1, EXPRESS 4A | |
GENESIS 2, NATO 3D | |
NAVSTAR 15, ORBCOMM FM 15 | |
ITALSAT 2, MERIDIAN 1 | |
EUTELSAT W5, OKEAN O | |
ENVISAT, INMARSAT 4-F2 | |
GLOBALSTAR M025, FALCONSAT 3 | |
VIKING, ARABSAT 2A | |
XTAR-EUR, COSMOS 2177 | |
ELEKTRON 1, ORBCOMM FM 10 | |
EUTELSAT 1-F5, FOTON M-2 DEB | |
COSMOS 2205, INMARSAT 3-F5 | |
INTELSAT 4A-F1, MICRO LABSAT | |
IRIDIUM 80, GALAXY 1R | |
NATO 2A, OKEAN 4 | |
GEOSAT, INMARSAT 2-F4 | |
ABRIXAS, ANATOLIA 1 | |
AGILE, COSMOS 1687 | |
COBE, E-BIRD | |
YOGAN 1, OLYMPUS 1 |
2.4. View Creation Wizard ( Satellites) Default Sat, , Delete. Database (. 1.1). , .
2.5. Observers Display View Creation Wizard. Large View from Space (.1.2).
.1.1 ³ View Creation Wizard .
.1.2. .
2.6. Title Create.
2.7. , , , , Configure View, Map . 1.3. ϳ .1.4.
2.8. ( ). ( ) STOP . , .
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.1.3. .
.1.4. .
, , , Map Style Rectangular map. .2.7 (.1.3).
2.9. , ( ), , ( ) (Observer). Configure View Observers Default (.1.5).
.1.5. .
, Set Up Observers, (. 1.6).
.1.6. .
Main City Database Observers list. , . ( ), ( , ), ConfigureView\Observers\SetUpObservers\ \EditLocation ( (Location), (Latitude) (Longitude), (North\South-East\West), , Add to Observers List (.1.7).
.1.7. .
, Latitude deg. Longitude deg. , 6 ( 0,1 deg. = 6 min.) Latitude min. Longitude min. Latitude sec., Longitude sec. Elevation .
ҳ ObserversList OK Observers (.1.5).
Observers Ok. .
.1.8. ³ .
2.10. , .
( ) ( ). (Elevation) , δ, 5-10o .
. 1.9.
˳ , 1=βR3, (R3) β, (R3), ( ), δ :
Nova δ, . Nova . ORBCOMM. (Duration) (LOS time) (AOS time) , . , AOS time LOS time ( - .1.8) . (.1.10, 1.11). Until Duration, 00:00:00. Until 00:00:00 , , . , , . Configure View\Observers (.1.5) (.1.10, 1.11).
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. 1.10. (AOS time)
. 1.11. (LOS time)
5o <=δ, (T1_st) (.1.10):
T1_st = AOS time + Until_1 ( δ1 =5o).
ORBCOMM T1_st=07:37:23+00:01:26=07:38:49 UTC ( δ1 =5.4o).
ϳ (Elevation 90o ), (90o> δ >=5o). T2_st (.1.11):
T2_st = AOS time + Until_2 ( δ1 =5o).
ORBCOMM T2_st = 07:37:23+00:14:16=07:51:39 UTC ( δ1 =5.3o).
ϳ Until 00:00:00 , (next AOS time), (.1.12).
. 1.12. (next AOS time).
, (Duration).
2.11. , . (.1.4) Setup-Satellites, (.1.7.) . , (Period) (Satellite age), .
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.1.7. .
. .
:
1. ;
2. ( PrintScreens );
3. ( PrintScreens );
4. .
:
1. , , .
2. .
3. .
4. ?
5. ?
2
: ' () GPS.
: ' , - , () , .
1.
(GPS) , 24 , ' . , , , . , , , Loran, 䳿 , , . , , . . , , , .
ᒺ, , , . ᒺ ( )*:
, (2.1)
- ᒺ ( ); - ; - ᒺ.
* , , ( /).
X,Y,Z , ( , , ), ( ( ) ) ( ).
, ( ).
, , (UTC), [1].
|
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2.
() () () - ():
(2.2)
- - ;
- - .
, (). , ().
(2.3)
- ( ).
2.2 2.3 - , .
, (). , , , .
, X, Y,Z, :
, (2.4)
: Xc, Yc, Zc X, Y, Z .
, , , () (). , () . (2.4), (), :
, (2.5)
:
, (2.5) (2.4) . , X, Y, Z ( ). , ( 2.2 2.3). (- ) 2.5.(- ).
- () [1,2] [2]. , (. . 4). (2.1).
, ( 15-30 .). - , . [3,4,5].
3. - *
- :
1. GPS, , :
;
;
.
2. Pentium 166 MMX, 64 , 2 HD Windows 98.
* - IJ .
3.1. GPS
GPS - 8 , , .
ASE GPS . GPS 1575 , , . GPS . , , GPS . GPS 5 .
GPS - , .
1- , Trimble (TSP), Trimble ASCII (TAIP).
2 - (DGPS) RTCM SC-104, ASCII NMEA.
- '.
, , +5.0 ( +4.75 +5.25 VDC).
, , 璿 .
200 .
: 5 , , .
.
3.2.1. :
1. , .
2. ' , 8- 璺. ', .
3. '. . '. , .
3.2.2. :
1. ³ .
2. . 9- . .
3. ϳ 9- 1 COM2 .
4. ϳ . SMB ', ( ' SMB), , .
5. ' . , .
6. , GPS.
3.3. NMEA (IEC 1162)
NMEA (IEC 1162) ֲ. .
3.3.1. .
$GPZDA,085833.2,05,01,2001,,*56
³ :
$GPZDA,hhmmss.s,dd,mm,yyyy,shh,mm*c
:
hhmmss.s () (hh), (mm) (ss.s) (000000.0 -23 5959.9)
dd , dd = 00...31
mm , mm - 00...59
, - 0000...9999
shh UTC, s= hh = (00...12)
mm UTC, mm - , s
3.3.2. GPS.
$GPGGA,085833.0,5025.699,N,03031.039, ,1,5,2.11,00145,,027,,*64
³ :
$GPGGA,hhmmss.s,ddmm.mmm,s,dddmm.mmm,s,n,k,h.hh,,,,,sss,*
:
hhmmss.s ( ) (hh), (mm) (ss.s) (000000.0-235959.9)
ddmm.mmm (dd), (mm.mmm)
s : s = N () s = S ()
dddmm.mmm (ddd), (mm.mmm)
s : s = () s = W ()
n : 0- , 1 - GPS, 2 - DGPS
k
h.hh HDOP
(00000... 30000)
-
-
sss () ,
3.3.3. .
$GPGLL,5025.699,03031.039,E,085833.0,A*3E
³ :
$GPGLL,ddmm.mmm,s,dddmm.mmm,s,hhmmss.s,v*cc
:
ddmm.mmm (dd), (mm.mmm)
s : s = N () s = S ()
dddmm.mmm (ddd), (mm.mmm)
s : s = () s = W ()
hhmmss.s ( ) (hh), (mm) (ss.s) (000000.0-235959.9)
v : - , V -
.
3.3.4. .
$GPVTG, 000.0,T,354.8,M,000.00,N,000.00,K*44
³ :
$GPVTG,ttt.t,c,ttt.t,c,ggg.gg,u,ggg.gg,u*cc
:
ttt.t / , tttt- 000.0...359.9 .
, = (true course)
ttt.t / , tttt- 000.0..359.9
, = (magnetic course)
ggg.gg , ggg.gg = 000.00...999.99 , u = N
ggg.gg , ggg.gg = 000.00...999.99
u , u = .
.
3.3.5. , .
$GPGS,,3,02,23,26,07,09,,,,,3.38,2.11,2.64*01
³ :
$GPGS,u,r,nn,nn,nn,nn,nn,nn,nn,nn,nn,nn,nn,nn,.,h.hh,v.vv*cc
:
u : - , - ;
r : 1 - , 2 - , 3 - ;
nn , 12 ( );
.. PDOP - 0.00...9.99
h.hh HDOP = 0.00...9.99
v.vv VDOP- 0.00...9.99
3.3.6. , *.
$GPGSV,2,1,7,02,68,070,33,08,22,10123,20,308,35,26,65,245,38*4F
$GPGSV,2,2,7,07,43,138,36,11,06,052,,09,29,288,37,,,,*74
³ :
$GPGSV,n,k,mm,nn,hh,vvv,ss,nn,hh,vvv,ss,nn,hh,vvv,ss,nn,hh,vvv,ss,*cc
n ( 1 3)
k ( 1 3)
mm ( 1 12)
nn
hh , 00...90
wv , 000...359
ss /
* - 4, . . 12 3. ³ / 0 50. .
3.3.7. GPS.
$GPRMC,085833.0,A,5025.699,N,03031.039,E,000.00,000.0,050101,05.2,*60
³
$GPRMC,hhmmss.s,v,ddmm.mmm,s,dddmm.mmm,s,vvv.vv,aaa.a,ddmmyy,ff.f,s*cc
:
hhmmss.s ( ) (hh), (mm)
(ss.s) (000000.0 -235959.9)
v : - , V -
ddmm.mmm (dd), (mm.mmm)
s : s = N () s - S ()
dddmm.mmm (ddd), (mm.mmm)
s : s = () s = W ()
vvv.vv ,
. ,
ddmmyy : dd - , mm - , -
ff.f , / W
s : s = () s =- W ()
: () , (W)
Trimble:
$GPZDA,085834.2,05,01,2001,,*51
$GPGGA,085834.0,5025.699,N,03031.039,E,1,5,2.11,00145,M,027,M,,*63
$GPGLL,5025.699,N,03031.039,E,085834.0,A*39
$GPVTG,000.0,T,354.8,M,000.00,N,000.00,K*44
$GPGSA,A,3,02,23,26,07,09,,,,,,,,3.38,2.11,2.64*01
$GPGSV,2,1,7,02,68,070,32,08,22,101,,23,20,308,35,26,65,245,38*4E
$GPGSV,2,2,7,07,43,138,36,11,06,052,,09,29,288,37,,,,*74
$GPRMC,085834.0,A,5025.699,N,03031.039,E,000.00,000.0,050101,05.2,E*67
$GPZDA,085835.2,05,01,2001,,*50
4.
() , . N , :
(2.6)
- ; - .
95% 98% , ( => 95 %, => 98 %).
ϳ ( ) . . N ( , ), :
(2.7)
- .
- ( ) .
(2.8)
N .
( ) . N , :
(2.9)
- ,
- ( )
. . N , :
(2.10)
: () N , ' :
(2.11)
. ᒺ , :
(2.12)
ᒺ . , . , : , , . . :
(2.13)
, , - (.2.1.). .
.2.1. () .2.1. ()
, , , . , 4- - , ᒺ . ᒺ , . ᒺ , , ( 120 o) (.2.1.). 1,732.
, ᒺ.
5. :
1. , GPS , . , ' Ͳֲ˲ֲ - - Trimble - , . Trimble :
2. , , , , . . , , . (.2.2.).
.2.2. .
ϳ , , . .
: 30 (. 61108-1 GPS 1 61108-2 GLONASS).
3. ³ "" , " " (. 2.3.).
, , . . "".
. 2.3. .
4. ³ "", "". , , " " (.2.4.).
. 2.4. .
( : , N - ). , ', 1 2 (, 30 50 ) " ".
ϳ , (.2.5.).
. 2.5. .
( ). (.2.5, 2.6).
. 2.6. .
(1000 2000 ), . "".
: , (5 - 20 ). ' ' .
5. ³ "", "³ " ( , .4 ), , , (.2.5.). , ,
N , : N=100+10x ( ), , . .
:
1. .
2. ':
) ;
) ' ³ ;
) '.
3. .
:
1. 䳿 , .
2. ' .
3. .
4. ᒺ .
5. ᒺ.
3
: ᒺ.
: , - .
1.
10-15 . ( , , ) , 糿, , , ᒺ , , . 90- , () , , .
- (50-80%) ᒺ, .
, ( ) (. . 3.1.).
. 3.1. ᒺ, .
.. ( - - ), ' .
, : , . , , :
(3.1)
, , . , ᒺ ( ), , () , :
, (3.2)
- .
, , , GPS ( 01.05.2000 . ), , . , i - :
, (3.3)
, - ;
, - , , , , .
, :
, (3.4)
- .
(3.3) , ( , ) ():
, (3.5)
, (3.6)
(3.4); - ; - (PDOP, TDOP) ( ..2, 2.11-2.13.)
ᒺ 300 . , , .
, ᒺ ᒺ . (t) ᒺ .
:
, (3.7)
=2,28 ; =1,32*10-3 /; =0,000438 /. ( )
() (3.7) :
, (3.8)
=3,66 ; =3847 ; = 122,84 .
, , , ᒺ , .
95% :
, (3.9)
=0,4 ; =0,00014 //.
³ GPS:
, (3.10)
=0,4 ; =0,00014 //, =0,011 //.
г (3.9) (3.10) GPS, .
ϳ Mathad.
2.1. , .3.1 .
3.1
3
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