z+ z- . , , (z+ z-), , . S [/3] , .
:
1) 3(PO4)2 S* ( S* << S) Ca2+ PO43- :
Ca3(PO4)2() | Û | Ca3(PO4)2(.) | 3 a2+() | + | 2 PO43 () | |
: | S* /3 | [Ca2+]* = 3S* | [PO43]* = 2S* | |||
CaCl2 | Ca2+ | + | 2 Cl | |||
0,1 /3 | 0,1 /3 | 0,2 /3 |
, [Ca2+ ] = [Ca2+]* + 0,1 0,1 /3, [Ca2+]* << 0,1 /3, [PO43-] = [PO43-]* = 2S* . :
(3(PO4)2) = [Ca2+]3∙[PO43-]2 = (0,1)3× (2S*)2 = 4×10-3 × S*2,
S* = << S = 7,13 ×107 .
2) 3(PO4)2 S* ( S* << S) Ca2+ PO43- :
Ca3(PO4)2() | Û | Ca3(PO4)2(.) | 3 a2+() | + | 2 PO43 () | |
: | S* /3 | [Ca2+]* = 3S* | [PO43]* = 2S* | |||
Na3PO4 | 3 Na+ | + | PO43- | |||
0,1 /3 | 0,3 /3 | 0,1 /3 |
, , [PO43-] = [PO43-]* + 0,1 0,1 /3, [PO43-]* << 0,1 /3; [Ca2+] = [Ca2+]* = 3S*. :
(3(PO4)2) = [Ca2+]3× [PO43-]2 = (3S*)3 × 0,12 = 0,27×S*3,
S* = << S = 7,13 ×107 .
, (.. ).
|
|
: , , , , , -.
: , CI-, Br-, I- - Ag+, :
1 AgI ( (AgI) =8,3.10-17),
2 AgBr ( (AgBr) = 5,0.10-13),
3 AgCI ((AgCI) = 1,8.10-10).
. -(. ).
1. 10-4 Pb(NO)2 Na2SO4? PbSO4= 1,6∙10-8.
.
:
PbSO4 Û Pb2+ + SO42-
5∙10-5 /3.
-:
[Pb2+]=[SO42-] = 5∙10-5 /3.
:
= [Pb2+]∙[SO42-] = 2,5∙10-9.
, < , .., , .
2. AgSCN 1,035∙10-6 /3 250. AgSCN .
.
:
AgSCN Û Ag+ + SCN-,
, , , . S (/3) , , , :
AgSCN | Û | [AgSCN]p | → | Ag+ | + | SCN- |
S | S | S |
AgSCN = [Ag+]∙[ SCN-] = S2 = (1,035∙10-6)2 = 1,07∙10-12.
3. (/3) Ca5(PO4)3OH ( = 502 /), , Ca5(PO4)3OH = 1,6∙10-58.
.
:
Ca5 (PO4)3OH Û 5 2+ + 3 43- + -
:
Ca5 (PO4)3OH | Û | [Ca5 (PO4)3OH]p | → | 5Ca2+ | + | 3PO43- | + | OH- |
S | 5S | 3S | S |
= (5S)5 (3S)3 S = 84375S9
S = = = 1,074∙10-7∙502 = 5,39∙10-5 [ /3 ].
4. , r4 2,010-3 Na2CrO4 , r4= 1,210-10.
.
r4 (S1) , :
r4 Û 2+ + r42-
Na2CrO4 (S2):
183 .
4