3. IP-
: IP-.
: IP-, .
.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP :
ü ( ),
ü IP-,
ü .
㳿 TCP/IP 쳺 , 㳿 , . 㳿, , TCP/IP . , - -. - . - , . - 6 , 11-A0-17-3D-BC-01. IP , IPX .25. IP IPX .25.
IP- , . ֳ 4 , 109.26.17.100. IP- ' . IP- : . , Internet (Internet Network Information Center, InterNIC), Internet. Internet InterNIC, .
IP- . IP- : ' , ' (, ' ), ' () (, ' : UA - , SU - ). ' base2.sales.zil.ua. TCP/IP Domain Name System (DNS), . DNS-.
:
1. .
2. .
|
|
3. .
4. .
5. , .
IP-
- 4 (48=32 ). - 4 (), .
: 128.10.2.30
: 1000 0000.000 1010.000 0010.0001 1110
س : 0.94.1.3
- , , . . س .
IP-
- : . < , >, (<NetID, HostID>).
-, (.3.1).
3 .
... | .. | ||||||||||||||||||||
A | NetID (7 ) | HostID (24 ) |
B | NetID (14 ) | HostID (16 ) |
C | NetID (21 ) | HostID(8 ) |
D | MulticastGroupID (28 ) |
E | (27 ) |
.3.1. IP-
0. 1 . 3 . 1 126.
0 .
127 .
, - 102.56.187.5 :
102.
56.187.5
224 = 16 777 216.
2 10, - 128 191. 2 .
, - 154.2.91.240 :
154.2.
91.240.
216 = 65 356.
110, - 192 223. ϳ 3 , 1 .
, - 195.81.16.2 :
195.81.16.
2.
, 28 = 256.
D
1110 Multicast. D, , .
|
|
11110 .
3.1
ij
. | ||||
1.0.0.0 | 126.0.0.0. | 224 | ||
B | 128.0.0.0 | 191.255.0.0 | 216 | |
C | 192.0.0.0 | 223.255.255.0 | 28 | |
D | 224.0.0.0 | 239.255.255.255 | Multicast | |
E | 240.0.0.0 | 247.255.255.255 |
.
.
.
-
-, . 0 1.
, . , 8 (256 0 255). , 254, 0 255 .
3.2
-
3.2
IP-
= 0 | = 0 | , . |
= 0 | - = 0 . , 199.60.32 - 199.60.32.0 | |
= 0 | , -. | |
= 1 | = 1 | , . Limited Broadcast. |
= 1 | . Broadcast. , 192.190.21.255 . |
-, 127. 䳿 .
127.0.0.1 , , , .
, - -, 127. Look Back.
-
, . , , IntraNet . . .
, .
3.3
IP-
ʳ | ʳ | |||
10.0.0.0 | 10.255.255.255 | 16 777 216 | ||
172.16.0.0. | 172.31.255.255 | 65 536 | ||
192.168.0.0 | 192.168.255.255 |
- (proxy server). - , , -, , . ̳ , 쳺 .
IP-
IP- , . , 185.23.44.206 128-191, , , , , - 185.23.0.0, - 0.0.44.206.
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- , ? . , IP-; , IP- . , . :
- 11111111. 00000000. 00000000. 00000000 (255.0.0.0);
- 11111111. 11111111. 00000000. 00000000 (255.255.0.0);
- 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000(255.255.255.0).
, , , : FF.FF.00.00 - . 185.23.44.206/16 - , 16 IP- 16 .
IP- , . , 185.23.44.206 255.255.255.0, 185.23.44.0, 185.23.0.0, .
, , ' 8, . , , IP- 129.64.134.5 255.255.128.0, : P- 129.64.134.5 - 10000001. 01000000.10000110. 00000101 255.255.128.0- 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
, 129.64.134.5 , , 2 - 129.64.0.0, - 0.0.134.5.
, 17 , IP-, :
10000001. 01000000. 10000000. 00000000 - 129.64.128.0, 0.0.6.5.
IP-, . , . .
IP
IP .3.2.
.3.2. P
:
(VERS) IP. 4 6, IPng (IP next generation).
(HLEN) IP 4 , 32- . 20 (' 32- ), (IP OPTIONS).
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(SERVICE TYPE) 1 . (PRECEDENCE). 0 ( ) 7 ( ). ' . , . D (delay) , , T - , R - .
(TOTAL LENGTH) 2 .
(IDENTIFICATION) 2 , . .
(FLAGS) 3 , ( Do not Fragment - DF - ), , ( More Fragments - MF - ).
(FRAGMENT OFFSET) 13 , , . / .
(TIME TO LIVE) 1 , . IP. ; ( ). .
(PROTOCOL) 1 , (, TCP, UDP RIP).
(HEADER CHECKSUM) 2 , .
(SOURCE IP ADDRESS) (DESTINATION IP ADDRESS) - 32 , .
(IP OPTIONS) ' . , . , , , . , 32- .
-
IP- .
, . , IP-, .
. , , , 볺.
, . IP-. ³, .
IP- , . , .
. ' , , . IP-, . DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).
DHCP , , IP-, , .
IP- , .
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DHCP , . , . , , .