9
: i i ` i i i.
: , ` i i `: - ii i i i i i.
: i i i i `i i, i - i i i i; i i i `i i, i i i i.
1 Ͳ Ͳ ²Ҳ
1.1 i i ` i i i
1.1.1 i
ij `, , , .
, , , , .
, .
i: 2 ; .
.
, , : | | < | |.
i - , :
Yi = A / B = 0, y 1 y 2 yi -1 yi = y1 2-1+ y 22-2+ yi -12-(i -1) + yi 2- i . | (1) |
- i, :
0 <= A BYi < B *2 -i. | (2) |
(2)
0 <= (A BYi)*2 i < B | (3) |
(A BYi)*2 i Ri, :
0 <= Ri < B | (4) |
, .
, i i , Yi, (4).
, (i + 1)- , (i + 1)- .
Yi Ri.
yi +1 : 0 1.
(yi +1 = 0), :
Yi +1 = Yi + yi +1*2-(i +1) = Yi; | (5) |
Ri +1 = (A BYi +1)*2 i +1 = 2 Ri, | (6) |
0 <= Ri +1 = 2 Ri < B. | (7) |
( yi +1 = 1):
Yi +1 = Yi + 2-(i+1), | (8) |
Ri +1 = 2 Ri B, | (9) |
i,
|
|
B <= 2 Ri < 2 B. | (10) |
( (7), (10)), , , i .
1.1.2 ii i i i i
i , () i.
1. ij ( ) .
2. i , i, i 䳿:
- (| A | > | |), , ;
- 䒺, , i .
3. .
4. i : , 1; 䒺, 0.
5. i 䳿.
, : -; i .
䒺, : ; , .., , ( ).
, i , 00 11. , , 01.
, , , i . : , ; + B - .
. A = 0,101 B = 0,110. i Y = A/B. ii .
[- B ] = 11,010. : Sg(Y) = 0 Å 0 = 0
A 00 + B 11 | 101 010 B | Y |
+| B | 00 | 111 | |
+ B 11 | 101 010 | |
+ B 11 | 100 000 010 | |
+ B 11 | 010 100 | |
+| B | 00 | ||
+ B 11 | 100 000 010 | +1 |
1.2 i i ` i i
, . A / B = C A, - B, - C.
:
|
|
- ;
- , ( , );
- .
, , .
( ), : 0; , . ( ), .
, n . (n+1) .
.
: ; ; .
1. , , n.
2. . - , .
( ), 1 4.
( ), .
3. 2, ( 2 ).
4. . (n+1) , 2.
: - , - .
110102 () 1012 (), 101 1:
/ | ||||
.
, .
Ai - i- ( i- ), B - .
Ai+1 = Ai + B*2n-i - B*2n-i-1,
, - i+1- .
, : Ai+1 = Ai + B*2n-i-1. .
.
, .
, () 1, 0, .
( ).
|
|
: ; ; 0 .
(): n = 0 - ; 1 - .
1. , 1.
.
, 0.
2. , , - .
.
3. , - () .
.
4. (n+1) , 5, 2.
5. 1 .
6. , , .
7. n , .
110102 () 1012 (), 101 1:
/ | ||||
C | ||||
C | ||||
C | ||||
C | ||||
C | ||||
C |
2 Ͳ
1. i .
2. , .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
III I
1. i i A i B, i 1 ( i 1 i ).
2. i i A i B, i 1 ( i 1 i ).
1 Iii i
i | A (i) | B (i) |
0.010 | 0.110 | |
0.001 | 0.110 | |
-0.111 | -0.010 | |
-0.100 | 0.101 | |
-0.101 | 0.111 | |
0.110 | 0.111 | |
-0.010 | 0.101 | |
-0.001 | 0.010 | |
-0.001 | -0.011 | |
-0.011 | -0.101 | |
0.101 | 0.110 | |
-0.001 | -0.110 | |
-0.011 | -0.100 | |
-0.010 | 0.110 | |
0.001 | -0.011 | |
0.010 | -0.110 | |
-0.010 | 0.101 | |
-0.101 | 0.110 | |
0.010 | 0.101 | |
-0.110 | 0.111 | |
-0.100 | -0.101 | |
0.011 | -0.101 | |
0.010 | -0.011 | |
-0.011 | -0.101 | |
-0.100 | -0.101 | |
-0.011 | 0.101 | |
0.001 | 0.011 | |
-0.100 | 0.101 | |
-0.010 | 0.110 | |
-0.011 | -0.101 |
|
|
,
ϳ , :
− ;
− ;
− ;
− .
:
− ( , );
− ;
− ;
− ;
− , ;
− ;
− .
:
− (, , );
− (, , );
− -.
, - , 䳺 , .
, , , :
− , (/5, /4, /3, /2);
− ECTS, (/A, /B,C, /D,E, /FX,F);
− .
:
− ;
− , (, ; , , ; , , ; ; , );
− , , .
, :
− , : , , ; ; , , ;
− , : ; ; , , ;
− , : , ; , , .
( ³/5/A) ` ( , , , ), ' .
:
− ' ' (, ) , ;
− ' ' (, ) ( , ).
/4/B,C) .
|
|
/3/D,E) .
.1
100-
/ | ECTS | ECTS | |||||
90-100 | ³ (5) | excellent | - | ||||
75-89 | 82-89 | (4) | very good | ||||
75-81 | good | - | |||||
60-74 | 67-74 | (3) | D | satisfactory | , | ||
60-66 | |||||||
E | sufficient | - - | |||||
1-59 | 35-59 | (2) | FX | fail ( ) | - - | ||
1-34 | |||||||
F | fail ( ) | - |