5
: i , i `.
: , ` i , i `: i k i i i ; , i, i i i i , i k i i i .
:
㳿 i , i `;
i , i.
1. Ͳ Ͳ ²Ҳ
i i
: i ; ` i i . i i , .
1.2 䒺 k
k 2-k.
, ` , 䒺 䒺 ( ii, ).
䒺 , , .
k .
i: = 1,011010; ii i k = 1.
k i : 2-1*= 1,0011001.
k 2k. , ( i). , .
k i.
i: = 1,011010; ii i k = 1.
k i i: 21*= 1,110100.
1.3 䒺 k
.
䒺 , ( ) 䒺 䒺 *2-k ( ) *2k ( ). 䒺 k [A] = 2 + A [A * 2-k] = 2 + A * 2-k.
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[A] k - , [A] * 2-k = (2 + A) * 2-k = 2-(k-1) + A * 2-k , [A * 2-k] [A] * 2-k = 2 2-(k-1).
, -, , i: 2 2-(k-1) = 1 + 2-1 + 2-2 + + 2-(k-1)
k : [A] = 1,011011000 3 [A * 2-3] = 1,111011011.
, , .
䒺 , k , [A * 2k] = 2 + A * 2k.
[A] 2 k [A] * 2k = (2 + A) * 2k = 2(k+1) + A * 2k. , [A * 2k] [A] * 2k = 2 2(k+1), ( ii ).
.
, ' .
k i. [A] = 1,11011 k = 2, : [A * 2k] =1,0110.
1.4 䒺 k
.
, 䒺 , ( ) , 䒺 䒺 *2-k ( ) *2k ( ).
䒺 , , :
[A * 2-k] = 2 2-n + A * 2-k.
, :
[A] * 2-k = (2 2-n + A) * 2-k = (2 2-n) * 2-k + A * 2-k
[A * 2-k] [A] * 2-k = (2 2-n) (2 2-n) * 2-k =
= (1 + 2-1 + 2-2 + + 2-n+1 + 2-n) (2-k + 2-k-1 + + 2-n +2-n-1 + 2-n-k) =
= 1 + 2-1 + 2-2 ++ 2-k+1 2-n-1 2-n-1...
i , , .
1 ( ), i 䒺 , , ().
, i , , , .
k . , [A] = 1,01011 2 : [A * 2-2] = 1,11010.
䒺 , , : [A * 2k] = 2 2-n+ A * 2k .
2k [A]* 2k = 2k+1 2k-n + A * 2k, [A * 2k] [A]* 2k = (2 2k+1) + (2k-n 2-n).
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i: (2 - 2k+1) ( ); (2k-n 2-n) , , , .
䳿 . , , 1 , 2-n.
k i. i [A] = 1,11010 k = 2, i: [A * 2k] = 1,01011.
.
i ( ) .
䒺 *2-k *2k .
- ( ).
i, , 䒺 , , .
, , , : 0 ; 2 2-n 䒺 .
ʳ |A*2k|<1
( , ; , 䒺 - , ).
, 2-n .
2 Ͳ
1. .
2. , i.
3. 䒺 i.
4. , .
5. i ?
6. , i?
I
, , 1, i .
1. A ; i , i: ) i; ) .
2. A ; i , i: ) i; ) .
3. B ; i B, i: ) i; ) .
1 Iii i
i | A | B |
0.0101101 | -0.0101001 | |
0.1101011 | 0.0100100 | |
-0.1010010 | 0.0100011 | |
-0.1101000 | -0.0010100 | |
0.1101010 | -0.0101001 | |
-0.1110011 | 0.0100101 | |
0.1101101 | -0.0101010 | |
-0.1100101 | -0.0101010 | |
0.1101010 | -0.0110110 | |
-0.1101010 | 0.0101010 | |
0.1111100 | -0.0101010 | |
-0.1101010 | -0.0100101 | |
0.1010101 | -0.0101010 | |
-0.1101010 | 0.0001011 | |
-0.1101011 | -0.0101010 | |
0.1010101 | -0.0010101 | |
-0.1010101 | -0.0010100 | |
0.1010100 | -0.0101001 | |
-0.1101011 | 0.0101001 | |
0.1101010 | -0.0101011 | |
-0.1101010 | -0.0101010 | |
0.1101011 | -0.0001010 | |
0.1101010 | -0.0101010 | |
-0.1101011 | -0.0101011 | |
-0.1001010 | 0.0101010 | |
0.1101001 | -0.0001010 | |
-0.1010010 | 0.0101001 | |
-0.1100111 | -0.0101001 | |
-0.1101011 | -0.0010011 | |
0.1101101 | -0.0101011 |
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,
ϳ , :
− ;
− ;
− ;
− .
:
− ( , );
− ;
− ;
− ;
− , ;
− ;
− .
:
− (, , );
− (, , );
− -.
, - , 䳺 , .
, , , :
− , (/5, /4, /3, /2);
− ECTS, (/A, /B,C, /D,E, /FX,F);
− .
:
− ;
− , (, ; , , ; , , ; ; , );
− , , .
, :
− , : , , ; ; , , ;
− , : ; ; , , ;
− , : , ; , , .
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( ³/5/A) ` ( , , , ), ' .
:
− ' ' (, ) , ;
− ' ' (, ) ( , ).
/4/B,C) .
/3/D,E) .
.1
100-
/ | ECTS | ECTS | |||||
90-100 | ³ (5) | excellent | - | ||||
75-89 | 82-89 | (4) | very good | ||||
75-81 | good | - | |||||
60-74 | 67-74 | (3) | D | satisfactory | , | ||
60-66 | |||||||
E | sufficient | - - | |||||
1-59 | 35-59 | (2) | FX | fail ( ) | - - | ||
1-34 | |||||||
F | fail ( ) | - |