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I. For questions 1 to 10, read the text and decide which answer (a, b, c or d) fills the blank.
Although doctors have been warning about the dangers of cigarettes (1) _____ over fifty years, the number of people who smoke is still disturbingly high. These people are not (2) _____; they do worry (3) _____ their health; they know the risks they are (4) _____ with their lives. They also realise how much money they are (5) _____ on cigarettes, yet they still find it almost impossible to give them (6) _____.
Smoking is also much more socially unacceptable now. A lot of people (7) _____ to others smoking in public places I personally cant (8) _____ sitting next to a smoker in a restaurant, and I just dont go into (9) _____ bars anymore because I know what the air will be like. But we have to remember that most smokers do want to stop. Instead of criticising them, perhaps we should give them a (10) ____.
1) a)from b) for c) since d) during
2) a) ridiculous b) silly c) senseless d) childish
3) a) about b) over c) with d) around
4) a) doing b) making c) having d) taking
5) a) earning b) making c) wasting d) saving
6) a) in b) up c) out d) to
7) a) oppose b) protest c) object d) disagree
8) a) let b) stand c) allow d) like
9) a) crowded b) blocked c) filled d) solid
10) a) help b) support c) hold d) hand
II. Choose the best word or phrase (a, b or c) to complete sentences 11 to 19.
11) Well cancel the game if the weather _____.
a) will be bad
b) is bad
c) was bad
12) Is it OK _____ early today?
a) I leave
b) my leaving
c) if I leave
13) _____ you before I go on holiday?
a) Will I see
b) I see
c) Do I see
14) Can you tell me what time _____?
a) does the train leave
b) the train leaves
c) will the train leave
15) I _____ eat a lot of fruit when I was young.
a) use not to
b) didnt used to
c) didnt use to
16) How much money _____ in the lottery?
a) you won
b) you did win
c) did you win
17) I try to include _____ fruit in my diet.
a) lots of
b) many
c) much
18) _____ go out on weekends.
a) He doesnt always
b) Doesnt he always
c) He always doesnt
19) Were looking forward _____ Italy next month.
a) to visit
b) visiting
c) to visiting
(- ) II
1.
1. A lot of money spent already on this project.
a) has been
b) was
c) is
d) were
2. I dont know why your order paid yet. Ill try to find out.
a) hasnt been
b) hasnt
c) isnt
d) wasnt
3. If you want to make a profit, you let production levels fall.
a) will not
b) dont have to
c) mustnt
d) dont
4. Our supervisor is tired because she hard since early morning.
a) has worked
b) has been worked
c) had been worked
d) worked
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5. Nick for personnel manager for an hour yesterday morning.
a) was waiting
b) were waiting
c) waits
d) wait
6. We our suppliers at the fitness centre yesterday.
a) met
b) meet
c) were meeting
d) was meeting
7. Kate a presentation of our new product tomorrow morning.
a) will be making
b) was making
c) is making
d) will make
8. Our company for a new advertising manager now.
a) is looking
b) will be looking
c) were looking
d) is looking
9. Next week our economists on business trip to the USA.
a) is going
b) will go
c) is going to go
d) goes
10. Do you know when the personnel manager ?
a) will come
b) comes
c) shall come
d) come
2. Read the following article and mark sentences 11 to 17 T (True) or F False).
My first piece of advice to people who want to start getting fit is: dont buy an exercise bike. Typically, people who buy them use them for a week or so and then forget about them. They are effective if they are used regularly but you need to be determined. Most people will find it much easier to go for a gentle jog around the park.
As well as being easy to do, jogging is also relatively cheap compared to most other sports. You dont need to buy expensive clothes if youre just going running around the park or on the beach. The main thing is that theyre comfortable, and that they keep you warm in the winter and cool in the summer.
There is one piece of equipment, however, that you will have to spend time and money on, and thats your running shoes. Remember that you are not looking for a fashion item, but for something that will support your feet and protect you from injury. They can be expensive, but if they are good quality they will last you a long time. Its always best to get expert advice, and the best place for that is a sports shop.
As for the actual jogging, the secret is to start gently, and not to do too much at the beginning especially if you havent had any exercise for a long time. Try a mixture of walking and running for ten minutes about three times a week at first. Once you are happy doing that you can then start to increase the amount you do gradually. After a few months you should hope to be able to run at a reasonable speed for twenty minutes three or four times a week.
Its important that you feel comfortable with whatever you do. If you do, youll start to enjoy it and will probably keep doing it. If it makes you feel uncomfortable, youll probably stop after a short time and return to your bad habits. In any case, training too hard is not very effective. Research has shown that somebody who exercises for twice as long or twice as hard as another person doesnt automatically becometwice as fit.
11) Most people dont use exercise bikes for very long. T/F
12) Exercise bikes dont get you fit. T/F
13) You should keep warm at all times when you are jogging. T/F
14) Running shoes dont have to be fashionable. T/F
15) You should start jogging by walking for ten minutes. T/F
16) You should expect to feel uncomfortable when jogging. T/F
17) You wont necessarily be a lot fitter by running twice as fast. T/F
II
THE FALL AND RISE OF THE MARKET ECONOMY IN RUSSIA
Changing over to a completely different economic system could never be painless. The Russian government of the early 1990s decided to use a shock therapy approach. They introduced severe fiscal and monetary policies. The government drastically reduced its spending. It cut subsidies to its crumbling state industries. Interest rates and taxes were raised. Government price controls on nearly all consumer goods were lifted. Only prices for staple goods like food and energy remained controlled by the government.
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All of these measures were intended to create conditions for a market economy to grow. However, they also caused great hardship for ordinary people. Most workers at that time were on fixed incomes. The measures caused the cost of living to rise, but their salaries did not rise at the same rate. To take matters worse, events in the banking system in 1992 caused the money supply to balloon. This resulted in hyperinflation levels of 2,000%. Despite Russias enormous reserves of oil and gas, the economy went into a long and difficult depression. Finally, in 1998, when an economic crisis hit the East Asian Tigers, oil prices began to fall around the world. For Russia, it turned a depression into an economic crisis.
However, from 1999, world oil prices began to rise again. Mostly with money earned from energy exports, Russia began to pay off its foreign debts. Inflation fell and the value of the rouble stabilised. The economy was recovering.
