2
. . , . . ,
. .
.................................................... 6
1. ............................. 11
2. ........................ 13
3. ........................ 15
4. .............. 17
5. . 18
6. ....................... 20
I
( )
1
................ 28
1. ............... 30
2. ................................ 39
3. ............ 46
68
............................................................ 76
1
...................................... 77
2
p z................................................... 80
2
1. ............................................. 81
2. -............................................. 82
3.
(2)............................................. 103
4. ............................................... 112
............................................................... 116
........................................................... 135
1
......................................... 135
2
yes_no.exe......... 139
II
1
........................ 144
1. ...................................... 145
2. .............................. 150
3. ....... 153
4. ,
................................ 154
5. , 159
........................................................... 160
.............................. 160
2
.
1. ................. 163
2. ................................... 166
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3.
............................. 167
4. V
..................................... 170
5. V
.... 173
........................................................... 177
177
3
.......................... 181
1. 182
2. .............................. 199
........................................................... 208
............................... 209
III
1
............................................................... 213
1. 215
2. .... 218
3. ........ 221
4. .................................................................................... 239
5.
.................................... 241
..................................... 242
........................................................... 249
2
1. .................................. 250
2. . 255
3. 259
4. .............. 272
5. 274
........................................................... 275
276
285
( ), -. , . .
- . . , , . , .
. . , . . . , , 13 . , . - , . . , . .
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1.
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, , . , f, .. , . , , , , R S. , R S , f , R S , , , . , , , . , , , .
. . , , , . , , . (, 1960; , 1976):
1. , . , . , .
2. . , . , , , , , . .
3. . , , . , . . , , , , . , , , .
4. , , : , . , , .
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2.
, , , . . . , . . (1860), . , , , , , .
(, , 1958; , 1958). , , , , , .
. , .
, , , , . . , , . .
3.
(1860), , (1927, 1929), (1937, 1955), . (1965). , . , , : -, , , , -, . , , , . . (, 1966).
. , , . , , , ..
, , , , , . , . ( ) , . , , , , . , , , , .
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, , , , , .
, , , .. , , . , , , . , , , .
4.
, , , , , . , , .
, . (, 1894) . (1927, 1929, 1975).
, , . , . . , .
. , . () Si Sj , , , : Si , Sj. , , .