(Ͳ )
Future Continuous 䳺 to be Future Indefinite 䳺 䳺:
shall be working. We shall be working.
He You will be working.
She} - will be working. They will be working. It
䳺 shall will :
Will they be working?
䳺 shall ao will not:
They will not be working.
, Future Indefinite.
Future Continuous 䳿, :
Meet me at two o'clock. - be looking out for you. . . (London)
We'll be playing all mor- ning. (Smith) .
Future Continuous , Future Indefinite, :
You won't be coming back -here any more, (Albee) .
From now on I'll be ask- ³ ing thousands of questions, . (Brand)
He'll be going to school ³ soon. (Gordon) .
The Future Continuous is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Future Indefinite and the Present Participle of the main verb.
In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb shall or will is placed before the subject. In the negative form the particle not is used after the auxiliary verb shall or will.
The Future Continuous is used to express an action going on at a definite moment or during a definite period of time in the future.
In present-day English the Future Continuous is often used in the same meaning as the Future Indefinite, that is to express a future action.
THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS-IN-THE-PAST TENSE
(Ͳ )
58. Future Continuous-in-the-Past , Future Continuous, shall/will should/would:
should be working.
He would be working . .
Future Continuous-in-the-Past Future Continuous , 䳺- :
said that at sunset he ³ , -would be waiting for you. .
58. The Future Continuous-m-the-Past is formed in the same way as the Future Continuous but should and would are used instead of shall and will.
The Future Continuous-in-the-Past is used instead of the Future Continuous when the action was future with regard to the past, mostly in object clauses if the verb in the principal clause is used in the past tense.
ij, Continuous
6 59. ij Continuous ,' . ij, , , Continuous . :
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) 䳺, : to be ; to have ; to possess, to own ; to consist ; to contain, to hold ; to belong ; to depend ; to resemble .;
) 䳺, : to see ; to hear ; to smell , ;
) 䳺, , , : to want ; to wish, to desire ; to love, to like , ; to hate ; to refuse ; to object ; to agree ; to prefer ;
) 䳺, : to know ; to believe ; to suppose ; to recognize ; to remember ', ; to understand .
, , 䳺 Continuous.
59. The following verbs which do not express a process are not used in the Continuous form:
a) verbs expressing relations between objects;
b) verbs expressing perceptions of senses;
c) verbs expressing wish, feelings and will;
d) verbs expressing mental activity.
But: In present-day English, especially in spoken English, these verbs are used more and more frequently in Continuous form.
PERFECT TENSES (Ͳ )
60. () , (Present Perfect), (Past Perfect), (Future Perfect), (Future-in-the-Past).
䳿, ' .
䳺 to have 䳺 (Past Participle) 䳺.
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
(вͲ )
61, Present Perfect 䳺 to have Present Indefinite 䳺 (Past Participle) 䳺.
Past Participle 䳺 -ed, Past Participle 䳺 Past Indefinite (. 2324).
Past Participle 䳺 ':
to invite invited
to build built
I have worked.
He We
She} has worked. You} has worked.
It They
:
I've worked [aiv]. We've worked [wi:v].
He's worked [hi:z]. You've worked [ju:v].
She's worked [fl:z]. They've worked [5eiv].
It's worked [its].
䳺 :
- ?
Have you ever lived in a town? (Bronte)
䳺 not:
̳ .
My friend has not yet .
, , :
haven't = I've not
hasn't = He's not
You haven't changed , much. (Heym)
I've not done anything
since I left. (Tressell) , , .
- 䳺 , not :
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Why have you not told me. about him? (Wilde) ?
- haven't hasn't, ;
Hasn't he been to Kiev? ?
Why haven't you put on your coat? ?
Present Perfect
62 Present Perfect 䳿, , , , 䳿, :
have locked the door. ( ).
Have you turned off the gas? ?
- Is Mrs. Drouet in? ̲ ?
- No, she has gone to the theatre. (Dreiser) - Hi, ( , ).
63. 䳿, 䳺 Present Perfect, , 䳿, :
You have not told me the
whole story. (London) .
What have they done? ?
You have read more than . , .
64. Present Perfect :
) , : up to now, up to the present ; lately , ; recently ; so far ; since ; not yet :
Up to now we have read -
three English books. .
Have you seen him rec-
ently? ?
You haven't shown me
your room yet. .
I've not done anything , -
since I left. (Tressell) .
Have you heard from your
husband lately? (Hardy) ?
) , : today ; this week , this month , this year , this morning .:
My friends have not -
rived today. .
Have you seen her today? ?
Have you breakfasted this
morning? (Dickens) ?
Past Indefinite:
A letter came from them -today. (Tressell) .
Present Perfect : ever -, never , often , seldom , already , just :
I've often heard him tell , -
the tale. (Jerome) .
Have you ever thought - -
about it? (Heym) ?
We've just arrived. . (Brand)
Past Indefinite:
I told you already... (Heym) ...
I never saw him in all my life. (Dreiser)
.
65. Present Perfect , 䳿, : yesterday , the day before yesterday , last week (month, year) (, ), an hour ago , two days ago , on Monday , in July , in 1945 1945 , when. Past Indefinite:
She went two days ago.
(Hemingway) .
When did you see her? ? (Hardy)
66. Present Perfect 䳿 , . Present Perfect 䳺, Continuous (. 59):
have known her for years. ,
haven't seen you for a whole year. .
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Where have you been sin-
last Thursday? ?
Has he been asleep all ³ ? this time?
How long have you been -
here? ?
have long wanted to see -
you. .
have been here for a few days only. ,
䳿 for (for an hour , for ten years , for a long time . .), 䳿 since (since five o'clock ' , since Monday , since I saw him . .)
67. Present Perfect 䳿, :
l cannot let you go till you have heard me. (Gaskell)---
, .
You shall not go till you , -
have told me all. (Bronte) .
When you have found the ,
land where there is happiness, ,
will join you there. (Shaw) .
Present Perfect .
6167. The Present Perfect is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Present Indefinite and the Past Participle (Participle II) of the main verb.
In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative form the negative particle not is used after the auxiliary verb.
The Present Perfect is used:
1. To express an action which toqk place before the present moment when the speaker's aim is to emphasize the present result of this action.
In this case the time of the action expressed by the Present Perfect is mostly not indicated. But it can be indicated in one of the following ways:
a) by means of adverbial modifiers denoting a period begun in the past and continued up to the present moment;
b) by means of adverbial modifiers denoting a period which has not yet ended;
c) by means of adverbial modifiers of indefinite time and frequency.
The Present Perfect is not used with adverbial modifiers of past time.
2. To express an action which began before the present moment and continued up to it. In this case the preposition for is mostly used to indicate the period of duration. The starting point of the action is indicated by means of the word since.
In adverbial clauses of time and condition the Present Perfect is used to express an action completed before a definite future moment.
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
( )
68. Past Perfect 䳺 to have y Past Indefinite 䳺 . (Past Participle) 䳺. ij Past Perfect :
I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had worked. had 'd ( -f- d), :
I'd (he'd, she'd, we'd, you'd, they'd) worked.
䳺 :
Had you worked?
䳺 not:
had not worked.
- hadn't:
hadn't worked. Hadn't he worked?
Past Perfect
69. Past Perfect 䳿, 䳿, 䳺 Past Indefinite:
told you I had met her. , ( , ),
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When she had closed the suitcase, she put on her coat, (Mattz) - , . ( , ).
In the darkness he couldn't see the man who had spoken.(Heym)- , .
The sun had set and it was becoming dark. (Catdwell)-
. .
was becoming dark , ( ).
. 1. ϳ , , 䳺 Past Indefinite (. 33):
opened the door, closed it and ,
went into the bedroom. .
2. after . before . , , ,
, , Past Indefinite:
stood motionless after she disappeared. (Shaw)--
³ , .
I was a schoolteacher before I got into the army. (Hemingway)--
쳿, .
70. Past Perfect 䳿, . : by two o'clock , by that time , by the 1st of September :
had done my homework by eight o'clock. .
71. Past Perfect , :
had not read the book by Saturday. .
We had not received the telegram when he arrived. , .
72. Past Perfect 䳿, . Past Perfect 䳺, Continuous:
When he came, I had been there for half an hour. , .
After she had worked a little while, he went to her side and watched her. (.Dreiser) ϳ , .
73. Past Perfect 䳿, :
She said that she would go home as soon as she had passed all her exams. , , ( ', ' 䳺 - ).
He would sit with her tonight after Mabel had gone. (Abrahams)
³ , .
Past Perfect .
6873. The Past Perfect is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Past Indefinite and the Past Participle (Participle II) of the main verb.
The Past Perfect is used to express an action which took place before another past action or before a definite moment in the past indicated by such expressions as by five o'clock, by that time, etc.
The Past Perfect is used to express an action which began before a definite moment in the past and continued up to that moment.
In adverbial clauses of time and condition the Past Perfect is used to express an action completed before another action which was future with regard to the past.
THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
(Ͳ )
74. Future Perfect 䳺 to have y Future Indefinite 䳺 (Past Participle) 䳺:
shall have done. We shall have done.
You will have done.
She }- will have done. They will have done.
It
䳺 shall/will :
Will he have done?
䳺 shall/will not:
will not have done.
, Future Indefinite:
have done; I shan't have done; He won't have done.
Future Perfect
75. Future Perfect - 䳿, 䳿 :
YoulS have forgotten me by then. (Galsworthy)
,
I'll have read the story by the time you come back.
, .
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76. Future Perfect Present Perfect ( 67):
Her room shall be ready before she has finished her tea. (Shaw)
, .
We'll get a new flat when they have built the house.
, .
THE FUTURE PERFECT-IN-THE-PAST TENSE
(Ͳ )
77. Future Perfect-in-the-Past , Future Perfect, 䳺 shall will should would:
should have done.
We should have done.
She } would have done. You would have done.
It They would have done.
Future Perfect-in-the-Past Future Perfect , 䳺 :
thought you would have gone by now. (Drabble) , .
78, Future Perfect-in-the-Past Past Perfect (. 73):
said that he would give me the book when he had read it. ³ , , .
7478. The Future Perfect is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Future Indefinite and Past Participle (Participle II) of the main verb.
The Future Perfect is used to express an action completed before a definite future moment or before the beginning of another future action.
In adverbial clauses of time and condition the Present Perfect is used instead of the Future Perfect.
The Future Perfect-in-the-Past is formed in the same way as the Future Perfect but should and would are used instead of shall and will.
The Future Perfect-in-the-Past is used instead of the Future Perfect mostly in object clauses when the verb of the principal clause denotes a past action.
In adverbial clauses of time and condition the Past Perfect is used instead of the Future Perfect-in-the-Past.
PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
(-˲ )
79. Perfect Continuous , (Present Perfect Continuous Tense) - (Past Perfect Continuous Tense i Future Perfect Continuous Tense) .
Continuous, Perfect Continuous , .
Perfect, Perfect Continuous 䳿, , .
Future Perfect Continuous-in-the-Past Future Perfect Continuous , 䳺 . Future Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous-in-the-Past , Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous.
- 䳺 to be 䳺 (Present Participle) 䳺.
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
(вͲ - )
80. Present Perfect Continuous , , Beforepresent Continuous.
Present Perfect Continuous 䳺 to be Present Perfect 䳺 䳺:
have been working. We
He You } have been working.
She } has been working. They
It
䳺 :
Have you been working?
䳺 not:
has not been working.
- 䳺 , not ;
Have they not been working?
, Present Perfect.
: I've been working; He's been working.
: haven't been working; He hasn't been working.
- : Haven't you been working?
Present Perfect Continuous
81. Present Perfect Continuous 䳿, , :
His father has been working at this plant for twenty yers.
( 20 ).
I've been waiting here for half an hour. (Voynich)
( , ).
82, Present Perfect Continuous 䳿:
I've been expecting you. (Brand) .
What have you been reading? (Hemingway) ?
䳿 , for;
For the past six months -
I've been waiting for only one
thing. (Brand) .
have been thinking about
it all day. .
I've been thinking over
this business lately. (Tressell) .
, , Present Perfect Continuous, since, :
) ( ):
She has been teaching at our school since 1970.
physics 1970 .
) , :
She moved here in 1970. She has been teaching phy sics at our school since. 1970 . ³ .
) :
What have you been doing since you left the mine? (Heym)
- ,
?
83. Present Perfect Continuous since when , how long , , , :
Since when have you been working here?
3 ?
How long have you been
learning English? ?
84, 3 䳺, Continuous (. 59), Present Perfect Continuous Present Perfect (. 66). Present Perfect :
How long have you known her? (Wilde) ?
I've been at home all the time. (Shaw) .
You haven't seen me for years. (Shaw) .
8084. The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and Present Participle (Participle I) of the main verb
The Present Perfect Continuous is used to express an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is either still continuing or just finished.
If the verb has no continuous form, the Present Perfect is used instead of the Present Perfect Continuous.
THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
( - )
85. Past Perfect Continuous 䳺 to be Past Perfect 䳺 䳺. ij Past Perfect Continuous :
(he, she, it, we, you, they) had been working.
, - Past Perfect Continuous , Present Perfect Continuous (. 80).
: Had you been working?
: had not been working; I hadn't been working.
- : Had he not been working? Hadn't he been working?
86. Past Perfect Continuous Beforepast Continuous. , , . 䳿 ,
䳺 Present Perfect Continuous (. 82), 䳿 :
explained that I had been ,
looking for it for the last two , hours. (Jerome)
There sat her father. The . -
newspaper he had been read- , ,
ing had dropped on the car- , pet. (Gaskell)
87. 䳺, Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect (. 72):
When we came to see Ka te, she had been ill for three days
- , .
8587. The Past Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and Present Participle (Participle I) of the main verb.
The Past Perfect Continuous is used to express an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to it and was or was not going on at that past moment.
With the verbs which have no continuous form the Past Perfect is used instead of the Past Perfect Continuous.
Ѳ
(SEQUENCE OF TENSES)
88. 䳺- - (, ), . , 䳺- :
think that it will rain. , .
understands that he ³ 쳺,
has made a mistake. .
Mother will tell me what , -
shall have to do. .
䳺 Present Perfect, , , 䳺-, , (Future-in-the-Past).
89. 䳺- , , , Past Indefinite Pasi Continuous.
thought you were his friend. (Greene) , ,
Who told you I was here? , ? (Shaw)
They knew what they were-fighting for. (Heym)
, .
You had not told me where you were going. (Heym)
, .
䳺 .
90. 䳺- , 䳿 , Past Perfect. :
thought you had left En- , -
gland. (Wilde). .
We asked him if anything ,
had happened. (Jerome) -.
asked him how long he ,
had been in the tunnel. . (Heym)
: 䳿, Past Indefinite Past Continuous:
said that he finished school ³ ,
in 1984. 1984 .
said that he was working ³ , ,
when she rang him up. .
9. 䳺- , 䳿 , Future-in-the-Past:
45 I knew that you would , 쳺
understand me. .
You have said you would , . come.
92. , , 䳺 䳺 , , 䳺 :
said that his sister had written him that she worked at a plant. ³ , , .
ij (worked) ' 䳺 (said), 䳺 (had written), Past Indefinite.
93. , :
knew that metals con- ³ , -
duct electricity. .
The teacher told that the , -
Earth moves round the sun. .
94. 䳺 䳿 , , . , :
Somebody asked me where I'm going. (Caldwell) , . (ij 䳺 .)
told you I'm in a hurry. (Lindsay) , .
䳺 .
8894. The sequence of tenses is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal clause.
If the verb in the principal clause expresses a past action, a past tense or future-in-the-past is used in the object clause.
If the action of the object clause relers to the same period of time as the past action of the principal clause, the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous is used in the object clause.
If the action of the object clause precedes the past action of the principal clause, the Past Perfect is used in the object clause. If the action of the object clause refers to the future with regard to the past moment of the principal clause, the verb of the subordinate clause is in twe Future-in-the-Past.
If the object clause is subordinated to another subordinate clause, the tense of the verb in the object clause depends on the predicate of the clause to which it is subordinated (not on the predicate of the principal clause).
The sequence of tenses is usually not observed if the object clause expresses a well-known fact.
If the action of the object clause is simultaneous with the action of the principal clause or future with regard to the time of speaking, the sequence of tenses is not always observed the present or future tense can be used in the object clause though the action of the principal clause refers to the past.
IJ
(THE PASSIVE VOICE)
95. , , ' 䳿. , , ' 䳿. , The girls are planting flowers (ij ) the girls c ' 䳿, a flowers ' .
The tractor pulls a truck ( ) the tractor ' 䳿, a truck ' .
:
-
. .
- ' 䳿, ' ( , ), .
47 , ', ' 䳿, .
96. 䳺 - (the Active Voice) (the Passive Voice).
' 䳿, 䳺- :
My brother wrote this let- ̳ - ter yesterday. .
' 䳿, 䳺 :
This letter was written yesterday. .
䳺, 587, .
97, 䳺 to be 䳺 䳺.
a) Present (Past, Future) Indefinite Passive 䳺 to be Present (Past, Future) Indefinite 䳺 (Past Participle) 䳺.
Present Indefinite Passive: I am examined.
He (she, it) is examined.
We (you, they) are examined.
Past Indefinite Passive: I (he, she, it) was examined.
We (you, they) were examined,
Future Indefinite Passive. I (we) shall be examined.
He (she, it, you, they) will be examined
.
6) Present (Past) Continuous Passive 䳺 to be Present (Past) Continuous 䳺 䳺. Future Continuous .
Present Continuous Passives: I am being examined,
He (she, it) is being exam ined.
We (you, they) are being examined.
Past Continuous Passive: I (he, she, it) was being examined.
We (you, they) were being examined.
) Present (Past, Future) Perfect Passive 䳺 to be Present (Past, Future) Perfect 䳺 䳺:
Present Perfect Passive: I (we, you, they) have been examined.
He (she, it) has been examined.
Past Perfect Passive: I (he, she, it, we, you, they) hadbeenexamined.
I (wshall have been examined.
Future Perfect Passive: He (she, it, you, they) will have been examined.
r) Future Indefinite-m4he-Past Passive Future Perfect-m-the-Past Passive , Future Indefinite Passive Future Perfect Passive, 䳺 shall/will shou id /would:
Future Indefinite-in-the-Past Passive: I (we) should have been
examined.
He (she, it, you, they) would
have been examined.
Future Perfect-in-the- Past Passive.- I (we) snould be examined.
He (she, it, you, they) would
be examined.
Perfect Continuous .
, Indefinite, Continuous Perfect, ( it, a letter, a book, -vef, a poem)
| Present | Past | Future | Future in-tne-Past | |
| Indefinite | It is written | It was written | It will be written | It would be written |
| Continuous | It is being written | It was being written | ||
| Perfect | It has been written | It had been written | It will have been written | It would have been written |
98. 䳺 :
Where was this book published? ?
䳺 䳺:
Has the house been built? ?
When will the telegram be sent? ?
not 䳺:
was not sent there. .
䳺 not ij:
The bridge has not yet been built. ̳ .
- 䳺 ( 䳺 ) , not .
Is the letter not written? ?
Has the telegram not been sent? ?
, , :
will be asked = He'll be asked. . I've been examined. . She won't be sent there, .
99. , (. ).
, Indefinite , , , , 䳿 (. 1521,3234,3738,4042):
This museum is visited every day. .
Today English is written, spoken, broadcast and understood on every continent. (Barnett) , , , .
Iron is attracted by magnet. .
I'll go there if I am invited. , .
The ball was found in the yard. ' .
This was usually said in the Doctor's presence. (Dickens) .
The text will be translated into Ukrainian. .
This you'll never be told. .
100. Continuous , , , (. 4547, 51, 52):
.
, .
101. Perfect , , , 䳿 , (. 62, 69). , ,
A multistoreyed house is being built near our school.
A new wide road was being finished that would go over the mountains and down to the bridge.
Present Perfect Passive, 䳿, :
The windows have still ³ -
not been repaired. .
The book has been trans- -
lated into Ukrainian. .
I was thinking of all that ,
had been said. (Dickens) .
He led her to an old-fash- ³ -
ioned house which had been ,
built long ago. (Gaskelt) .
But it was too late. She ,
had been seen. (Gaskell) .
102. Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous, , Present Perfect Past Perfect Passive.
The plan has been dis-
cussed for two hours. .
I knew that the plant had , -
been built for two years. .
95102. A person or thing performing an action is called the subject of the action. A person or thing acted upon is called an object of the action.
In the English language the verb has two voices: the Active Voice and the Passive Voice.
The Active Voice is used when the person or thing denoted by the subject of the sentence is the subject of the action expressed by the predicate.
The Passive Voice is used when the person or thing denoted by the subject of the sentence is an object of the action expressed by the predicate.
The tenses of the Passive Voice are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the corresponding tense and Past Participle (Participle II) of the main verb.
The Future Continuous and the Perfect Continuous tenses are not used in the Passive Voice.
The tenses of the Passive Voice are used according to the same rules as the corresponding tenses of the Active Voice.
103. , , (' 䳿). ' 䳿 :
Our institute was founded 150 years ago. 150 .
institute ' 䳿, ( ); , .
' 䳿 by with:
They were invited by my friend. .
She had scarcely taken He
ten steps when she was sud- ,
denly struck with recognition ,
of who he was. (Wilder) .
104. dz The pupils wrote the composition yesterday ( ) The composition was written by the pupils yesterday ( ), , by , 䳺- .
105. 䳺, , , , , (transitive): to read (a book), to take (a pen), to wait (for somebody), to listen (to music).
ij, , , ', (intransitive): to live, to run.
106. , , , 䳺. ϳ , ,
(. 385387).
䳺 They showed me the room ( ), the room
, a me , The room was shown to me I was shown the room ( ). , .
The copy had been given ,
to her father. (Gaskell)
(the copy) They had given the coov to her father.
They were given new books. .
䳺 We gave them new books We spoke about him ( ) >ut him , : was spoken about ( ).
䳺
107. 䳺 :
) 䳺 - (-):
His voice was heard at the door.(Gaskell) .
) 䳺 䳺 -, - :
That house was built last year. - .
) 䳺 䳺 :
Where did you get the copies which were found in your room? (Voynich)
, ?
) 䳺 - :
She had not been seen. .
) 䳺 - 䳿, * 䳺 :
They were invited by my friend. .
103 107. The Passive Voice is used when the speaker wants to say something about the object (not about the subject of the action). In this case the subject of the action is mostly not mentioned at all; otherwise it is expressed by a noun or pronoun with the prepositi
A verb which may have a direct object is a transitive verb. A verb which is not used with "a direct obiect is intransitive In Ukrainian only transitive verbs are used in the Passive Voice - the subject of a passive construction corresponds to the direct object of the active construction
In English not only transitive but many intransitive verbs are used in the Passive Voice. The subject of a passive construction in English may correspond not only to a direct object of the active construction but also to an indirect or prepositional object.
The passive verb-forms are translated into Ukrainian-
a) by verbs with the particle - (-)
b) by combinations of the verb with predicative verbal forms ending in -, -;
c) by combinations of the verb with Past Participle Passive (䳺 );
d) by verbs in the Active Voice in indefinite-personal sentences
e) if the subject of the action of a passive construction is indicated, the English Passive Voice may be rendered in Ukrainian by the verb in the Active Voice in a definite-personal sentence.
IJ
(MOODS)
108. , , ij: (the Indicative Mood), (the Subjunctive Mood) (the Imperative Mood).
, , to:
to take Take! ³! ³!
to write Write! ! !
Bring me this book. .
Be a good boy. .
䳺 to do, not 䳺 to. do not don't:
Don't go to the theatre He , today.
Don't be angry. He .
䳺 do . 䳺:
Do tell me about it. .
䳿 䳺 let 䳺 to. ̳ 䳺 let ' , , :
Let us go to the theatre. . Let them go. .
Let the man listen to what ,
say. .
let don't:
Don't let's talk about that. -
(Dreiser) .
Don't let's go in there. He .
126. The Imperative Mood expresses a request, an order, an advice, an invitation, warning, etc. The affirmative form of the Imperative Mood coincides with the infinitive without the particle to.
The negative form of the Imperative Mood is formed by means of the auxiliary verb do, the particle not and the infinitive of the main verb without to.
The auxiliary verb do can be used in the affirmative form to make the request more emphatic.
In the first and third persons the combination of the verb let and the infinitive ot the main verb is used as an equivalent of the Imperative Mood.
Ͳ IJ
(MODAL VERBS)
127. 䳺 (can, may, must, ought, shall, shouid, will, would, need, dare),
. ֳ 䳺 , 䳺, (Detective Verbs).
䳺 , 䳺:
can help you. .
must go there. ³ .
䳺 䳺 , :
Can you do it? Yes, I can. ?
.
wanted to ooen the window but I couldn't , .
䳺 䳿 , , , , , , , , 䳿, .
䳺 to have to be.
128. 䳺 :
1. 䳺 , 䳺 (. 160), , .
2. ϳ 䳺 to.
䳺 to be to have 䳺 ought, ອ to, 䳺 need dare, to .
3. 䳺 -(e)s:
He may come tomorrow. , .
4. 䳺 䳺 to do.
䳺 :
May I come in? ?
䳺 not:
You should not do it. .
Can not:
cannot dance. ³ 쳺 ,
䳺:
cannot can't [kccnt] will not won't ['wount)
could not couldn't ['kudntj should not shouldn't
may not mayn't ['memt] would not wouldn't
['wudnt]
might not mightn't ought not oughtn't [o:tnt]
['maitnt]
must not mustn't [mAsnt] need not needn't ['nbdntj
shall not shan't [Jcunt]
127 128. The verbs can, may, must, ought, shall, should, will, would, need and dare form a special class of verbs which are called modal verbs. The verbs to have and to be are also used as modal verbs. Modal verbs are used with the infinitive of another verb.
Modal verbs denote neither actions nor states; they show that the action or state denoted by the infinitive is considered as possible, obligatory, necessary, desirable. probable, doubtful, allowed, advisable, etc.
Modal verbs have certain peculiarities:
1. Modal verbs have no infinitive, no gerund and no participles; accordingly they have no future tense, no continuous and perfect tenses.
2. Modal verbs (except ought and partly need and dare) are followed by the infinitive without the particle
to. After to be and to have used as modal verbs the infinitive has the particle to.
3. Modal verbs have no ending -(e)s in the third person singular of the present tense.
4. The interrogative and negative form of the present and past tense of modal verbs is formed without the auxiliary verb to do. In the interrogative form modal verbs are placed before the subject. In the negative form the particle not is used after the'modal verb.
IJ CAN
129. ij can : can could:
can swim. .
could read when he ³ , -was fipe years old. ' .
Could Subjunctive II. could (Indefinite Infinitive) , (Perfect Infinitive) :
Could you eat now? ? (Hemingway)
could i learn Latin very -
soon. (Eliot) .
You could have gone to -
the library yesterday. .
30 ij , () (could) :
lift this weight. ³
Can you see anything? - ?
can read French. .
couldn't solve the problem. ' . .
You ails book; it is on sale. -
ϳ could , , , , :
You could have bought this book; it was on sale.
,
( ).
could have guessed it. ³ ( ),
ij . to be able : to. to be able :
Perhaps this young man will be able to help you. , .
She wasn't able to answer. .
131. ij can ( ).
You can use dictionaries. .
You can't use dictionaries. .
Can I sit with you for little? (Greene) ?
Can I come in? (Dreiser) ?
could :
Could I take your pen? ?
132. ij , , . , .
. (. 111), (Continuous lufinitive) - (Perfect Continuous Infinitive).
Continuous Infinitive 䳺 to be 䳺 䳺: to be working.
Perfect Continuous Infinitiveto have been working .
Continuous Infinitive 䳺 can , .
Can she be working now? ?
He can't be waiting for us now. , .
Where could she be going? ?
Indefinite Infinitive , 䳺, Continuous:
Can he know Japanese? ?
She can't be at home now. , .
Perfect Infinitive , .
Can he have done it? ?
She cannot have said this. He , -
.
Could something have happen- ,
ed out there to keep her away? ?
(Dreiser)
could can 䳿, , .
129132. The verb can has two forms: the present tense (can) and the past tense (could). The form could is also used as Subjunctive II. In this case it refers to the present or future when followed by the Indefinite Infinit-ve and to the past when followed by the Perfect Infinitive.
The verb can has the following meanings:
1. Physical or mental ability, capability, possibility depending on circumstances. The equivalent of can in these meanings is the combination to be able to which has all tenses. The form could followed by the Perfect Infinitive shows that the action was not carried out.
2. Permission. The form could is used in this meaning only in interrogative sentences to express a polite request.
3. Doubt, astonishment, incredulity.
In these meanings the verb can is used only in interrogative and negative sentences but it may be followed by all forms of the infinitive.
The Continuous Infinitive refers to the present. If the verb has no continuous form, the Indefinite Infinitive is used to refer the action to the present.
The Perfect Infinitive refers to the past.
If the verb can is used to express doubt, astonishment, incredulity, the form could implies more uncertainty.
131. ij can ( ).
You can use dictionaries.
. You can't use dictionaries. -
.
Can I sit with you for -little? (Greene) ?
Can I come in? (Dreiser) ?
could
