( )
.
+
( ( (
) )
)
We consider him to be the best ,
student in our group. .
, , , , , ( him), .
Training Exercises
1. I know this student to work much. 1. ,
.
2. He wants me to go to London 2. ,
with them. .
3. We expect the English delegation 3. ,
to come to St.Petersburg. -.
4. We believe the new equipment 4. ,
to be used this year. .
f or , .
It is time for them to come. ( ) .
It was necessary for you to leave. , .
A week will be required for them ,
to return. .
, . , , - . , .
to know to suppose
to expect to find
to consider to believe
to think to want .
: to feel , to hear , to see , to watch to.
Training Exercises
1. .
1. She had so often waited for me to come home at just this hour.
2. I am very anxious for him to learn about her state of health.
3. We expected them to let us know about it.
4. The weather is sufficiently hot for them not to put on warm clothes.
5. I want him to ring me up.
6. I didnt believe him to be able to ask this question.
7. The inspector didnt find the group to have fulfilled their work thoroughly.
8. The driver thought his car to be examined.
9. The teacher watched his pupils write a composition.
10. Everybody expected her to give a better answer at the examination.
11. We know the atomic weight of a hydrogen atom to be 1.008.
12. We consider the electron to be a minute particle having an electric charge.
13. I heard this instrument meet the industrial requirements.
14. We want this instrument to be tested in a week.
15. We believe radio to play a great part in human life.
|
|
|
16. For the plants to grow well they must be well protected.
17. We can certainly expect new hostel to be built not far from our Academy.
18. We know many drugs to be made from plants.
19. We believe this new invention to be useful to people.
20. They saw the students of the Academy plant trees round the building.
2. , , .
(The Dolphin)
1.
(in ancient times) . , . (legend) , (Arion). , (shark). , (to tame) . . (to come swimming) , . , (to take) (across the bay).
, , (cunning) . (to overtake) .
2. ( ).
: , (tricks). , (to sport) . , (more boisterous), . , , (as though) , (to get/give pleasure) . , (shoal) . (to feed on) . , . (to hunt for) (herring) (pilchard). , (to melt fat down). , .
THE GERUND
, . .
, .. , . . , , . , .
ActivePassive
Indefinite asking being asked (
(Simple) )
Perfect having asked having been asked (
)
1.
1. Reading books is useful. 1. .
2. Smoking was strictly forbidden. 2.
.
3. Seeing a good film is a pleasure. 3.
.
4. Collecting rare books was his 4.
favourite occupation. .
5. Defining problems will require 5.
|
|
|
patience. .
6. Watching football matches on TV 6.
is not interesting. .
7. Avoiding difficulties is not my method. 7.
.
8. Swimming against the current was 8.
difficult. .
9. Learning rules without examples is 9.
useless. .
10. His going on an expedition surprised 10. , ()
everybody. , .
11. My trying to convince him is 11.
of no use. .
12. Travelling abroad can be exciting 12.
enough.
.
1. .
1. Writing comedies took all his time.
2. Spelling a work is more difficult than writing it.
3. Getting several view-points is vital.
4. Swimming is a kind of sport.
5. Crossing the river was a hard task.
6. Learning a foreign language can often be difficult.
7. Entertaining overseas customers can sometimes be hard work.
8. Being in charge of a new project can often be challenging.
9. Talking mends no holes.
10. Waiting for the Professor was a lame excuse for doing nothing.
11. My answering in the affirmative gave him great satisfaction.
12. Solving this problem is a very difficult task.
13. Reading books is their favourite occupation.
14. Evaporating water results in forming clouds.
15. Sleeping after meals is dangerous for women.
16. Its foolish arguing over trifles.
17. Its no use talking like that to me.
18. Seeing is believing.
19. Your being absent last lesson does not free you from handing in your
composition.
21. My brothers going to the South upset all our plans.
2.
( )
1. Her greatest pleasure is reading. 1.
such books. - .
2. He began reading this book yesterday. 2.
.
3. We couldnt help laughing. 3. .
4. The only thing for you to do is asking 4. ,
him to help you. ,
.
3. ( )
, .
Training Exercises
1. We like reading English books 1.
in the original. .
2. They like going on expeditions. 2.
.
3. I remember having seen this film. 3. ,
.
4. I am pleased with his studying 4. ,
English so hard. .
5. We insisted on the meeting being 5. ,
put off. .
6. They started working two days ago. 6.
.
7. Do you mind closing the door? 7. ,
?
8. He hates being interrupted. 8. ,
.
9. Your watch wants repairing. 9. .
10. It is worth while remembering 10. .
this rule.
11 Excuse my being so late. 11. ,
.
12. We regret his not being sent 12. ,
to the conference. .
1. .
1. We like playing tennis.
2. She preferred staying at home.
3. He insisted on doing it quickly.
|
|
|
4. Everybody enjoyed his singing.
5. We are interested in the inspectors coming as soon as possible.
6. Why do you object to his joining us?
7. Everything depends on Peters getting in touch with them.
8. I wonder at Jolyons allowing the engagement.
9. I understood perfectly your wanting to leave.
10. You must excuse my being so breathless.
11. The maid said something about the American ladys having come back
home.
12. She was interrupted by her fathers voice.
13. His mother doesnt like his playing football all day long.
14. They were not surprised by Caddys being in low spirits.
15. I dont like walking so slowly.
16. He was sure of Marys coming early.
17. This concert is worth seeing.
18. He gave up smoking last year.
19. They felt like going to the café.
20. She avoids visiting that place.
21. I cant help laughing when I think of it.
22. I dont like their staying there so late.
4.
( of, for )
1. I dont like his manner of speaking. 1.
.
2. I had the pleasure of knowing him 2.
personally. .
3. The barometer is an instrument 3.
for measuring pressure. .
4. His urgent intention of getting 4.
this book is surprising.
.
5. The proposal of reducing the working 5.
week has been approved. .
6. There is nobody here capable of 6. ,
estimating this problem seriously. .
7. She didnt like his manner of treating 7.
to her colleagues. .
8. Mary was glad to have the opportunity 8.
of talking to him about his recent
journey. .
9. I have no intention of staying here 9.
any longer. .
10. He has had very much experience 10.
of teaching. .
11. There is no possibility of seeing him. 11. .
12. Have you got the means of helping 12.
him? ?
2. .
1. As his father was a bookseller he had early opportunity of becoming well-
acquainted with books.
2. But there are some other reasons for questioning this theory.
3. It is one of the purposes of this book to try to show some of the
difficulties of the novelist in portraying the soul of a man.
4. It has been said that the two oldest and greatest inventions of men were the wheel and the art of controlling fire.
5. Lima has the reputation of being the handsomest city in South America.
6. The Pre-Raphaelites³ also had the advantage of being more fully
acquainted with medieval literature, art and thought.
7. The importance of learning languages is clear to everybody.
8. I had given up hope of ever hearing from you.
9. Did you have difficulty in finding your way here?
10. The necessity of repairing our computer is perfectly obvious.
11. A transformer is a device for raising or lowering voltage.
12. She had a feeling of having been insulted.
13. It was freezing cold. Clive had a cough. Brenda had a sore throat, it
seemed to Mother that there was no chance of their getting better for
|
|
|
weeks.
14. It was very late, but nobody went to bed. We were waiting for them.
Only at twelve we heard the sound of our car being driven to the door.
15. He stretched his arms with the effort of hugging me.
5.
a. at, in, on, upon, after, before
b. by
c. without, instead of,
for, for fear of, owing to, in spite of, in
:
Training Exercises
. .
1. After having read the letter she put it 1. ,
into her bag. .
2. In copying the text he made a few 2. ,
mistakes. .
3. We enrich our knowledge by reading 3. ,
books. .
4. They walked quickly without stopping 4. ,
to rest. .
5. The author shows how a language varies 5. ,
in passing from one social group
to another.
.
6. We have no desire to come to them 6.
without being invited. .
7. She surprised us by bursting into tears. 7. ,
.
8. We turned at hearing somebodys 8. ,
footsteps. - .
9. After having left my bag in the hall, 9. ,
I had to return.
.
10. The Mauriers had a big house, 10. -
the biggest room was used ,
for dancing.,
.
11. She came to my place and we had 11. , ,
an hour talk in spite of my being busy. ,
,
.
12. On reaching the village we left our car 12. ,
and entered the first house
on our way. .
4. .
1. My elder son felt better for having spent a month on the seashore.
2. She was not exactly a beauty but rather attractive, peaceful and statuesque
without knowing it herself.
3. I did not go to the party for fear of making a fool of myself.
4. Upon waking late in the morning I saw that there was nobody in the
house.
5. In quitting the house we stopped once more at the porch.
6. She was engaged in packing up her things.
7. She kept on laughing at him.
8. Roy drank his coffee without replying.
9. I keep telling her I am not married.
10. Thank you for having let me know about my brothers coming.
11. After having spoken with the doctor my mother cheered up.
12. They parted without having spoken to each other.
13. In discussing the problem they touched upon some very interesting items.
14. He liked to do things without disturbing anyone or being disturbed.
15. Addison proceeded to Oxford, and later, on receiving a travelling
scholarship, passed four years on the continent.
16. Timber is seasoned by expelling the moisture.
17. In choosing the best wood for practical purposes the properties of many
woods must be known.
18. A good circulation of air is necessary for fast drying.
5. .
1. Its no use crying over spilt milk.
2. Talking mends no holes.
3. Finding is not keeping.
4. You cant make omelettes without breaking eggs.
5. If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.
( )
:
I. +
1. I insist on writing the letter immediately. 1. ,
.
2. This reference-book differs from 2.
the previous one in including a ,
greater number of names.
.
II. + +
(
)
1. I insist on his writing the letter 1. ,
immediately.
.
2. I heard about your brothers going abroad. 2. ,
|
|
|
.
3. I insist on the letter being sent immediately. 3. ,
.
, .
6. . , .
1. My aunts coming here gives me much pleasure
2. The librarian didnt object to the readers keeping the book one day longer.
3. She came out and said that she knew nothing about keeping the book one day longer.
4. The mother was surprised at her daughters having tidied up the room so
quickly.
5. My trying to convince him is of no use.
6. When asked why she had missed the train she said something about her
watch being slow.
7. She approached without my seeing her.
8. She stayed in town all summer because of her daughters being ill.
9. I dont mind opening the window.
10. I dont mind his opening the window.
11. She didnt object to my doing the room.
12. She didnt object to doing the room.
13. He insisted on being allowed to book tickets for the next day
performance.
14. He insisted on his being allowed to book tickets for the next day
performance.
15. I dont like the idea of being caught in the rain
16. She was afraid of being operated on.
17. Wire before leaving the town.
18. There was little hope of getting to the theatre in time.
19. She may object to staying out so late.
7. , . .
The important night of the first real performance came. Carrie did not insist on Hurstwood coming to see the play. He himself had not even thought of going. It would only be wasting time. She had such a small part.
The advertisements were already in the papers; the posters upon the bill-boards. The names of the leading lady and many members were given.
As in Chicago, she was seized with stage fright as the very first entrance of the ballet approached, but later she recovered. In standing about the stage, she had a chance to observe the audience. There was plenty of applause, but she could not help noticing what poor actresses some of the women were.
The thought of being able to do better often came to her. To do her justice she was right.
When the performance was over, she dressed quickly, and as the manager had scolded some others and passed her, she imagined she must have proved to be satisfactory. (After T. Dreiser)
8. , .
1. , .
2. , - .
3. , .
4. , .
5. ; .
6. .
7. , .
8. , , ?
9. ; - .
10. , .
11. .
12. , .
13. ,
.
14. , .
15. , , .
16. ? .
17. .
18. , .
19. , .
20. .
9 (for advanced students).
, .
1. ;
2. ;
3. , ;
4. , ;
5. ;
6. , ;
7. ;
8. , ;
9. , ;
10. , .
10 (for advanced students). ,
.
1. without so much apologizing
2. after getting rid of the unexpected visitor
3. by promising that he would keep it secret
4. on hearing the telephone call
5. in talking of the past events
6. without knowing it
7. before coming to any conclusion
8. by leaping from one extreme to the other
9. on being reminded of the incident
10. without bringing suspicion upon himself
11 (for advanced students). .
1. The children couldnt help
2. The audience burst out
3. There is nothing like
4. He has given up
5. I dont feel like
6. Its no use
7. If it were not for
8. We were for
9. He was against
10. There is no harm in
12.
, , , .
1. Do you mind if I close the window?
2. The doctor insisted that I should stay at home.
3. Will you object if I smoke here?
4. There is no chance that they will call on us tonight.
5. There is a probability that he will be appointed the manager of our company.
6. There is no possibility that we shall see him this week.
7. There is no hope that you will receive a letter from him soon.
8. We were informed that the train had arrived at the station.
9. You will excuse me if I ask you again.
10. We insisted that he should come with us.
11. Would you mind if he came to your lesson?
: , , .
(Indicative Mood) .
(Imperative Mood) , :
Close the door!
Please, give me your watch.
(Subjunctive Mood)
, , , , :
We went there early that we might see everybody.
I wish I were a sculptor!
If I had seen her yesterday, I should have spoken to her; but I did not see her.
(Conditional Mood)
, .
If I were you, I should go in for all kinds of sport.
:
Should
Would + ( ),
to.
Could
Might
. .
| 1.It would necessitate restoration of the building. | 1. . |
| 2. He suggested that these parts should be tested under very severe conditions. | 2. , . |
| 3. It was of great importance that we should obtain fresh data for the configuration to our idea. | 3. , . |
| 4. I should offer another explanation to this phenomenon. | 4. . |
| 5. He would have acted differently in these circumstances. | 5. - . |
| 6. Our method could be generalized. | 6. . |
| 7. These steps might appear arbitrary. | 7. . |
| 8. The user might vary this value during the consultation processes. | 8. . |
| 9. It would be worth taking a critical look at the concept itself. | 9. . |
| 10. Otherwise, the treaty would not have been signed. | 10. . |
| 11. These activities might have complemented each other but it was not the case. | 11. , . |
| 12. A teacher must speak clearly so that the students may understand him well. | 12. , . |
, .
1. to.
| 1. It is important that your translation be good. | 1. , . |
| 2. It is necessary that the system have reliable performance. | 2. , . |
| 3. It is desirable that everyone be present. | 3. , . |
2. , Past Indefinite.
| a) The clerk addressed him as if he saw him for the first time. | ) , . |
| b) If I were you I would attend the meeting. | ) , . |
3. , Past Perfect.
| a) The work would have been done long ago if they had been prepared for it properly. | b) , . |
.
:
1) , , .
| ) I should (would) like to give my consideration on this subject. | ) . |
2) it is important, it is desirable , , ..
| a) It is desirable that this method should be tested in practice. | ) , . |
| b) We insist that she would study better. | ) , . |
3) .
| a) But for you I should have solved the problem. | ) , -. |
| b) You should revise the material lest you forget it. | ) , . |
Training Exercises
1. .
1. Care should be taken that packing be as uniform as possible.
2. Make exact calculations lest you should tail with your experiment.
3. It would be indeed strange if this were not the case, because the situation is
clear.
4. It is not necessary that the substance to be digested be brought entirely within
the cells.
5. But for the lack of a reliable instrument the problem could have been solved
long ago.
6. I would have never recognized him. He has changed a lot.
7. There he is again, sitting as if he had the right to come.
8. I wish you had gone there with me.
9. I wish he had that book.
10. It is required that students come in time.
11. It would be a mistake to think that they are unaware of the fact.
12. This custom would have seemed strange to us.
(Conditional Mood)
.
| If - Even if If only If not Unless In case (that) ; Even though | Provided (that) , Providing (that) Suppose (that) , Granted (that) Granting (that) Given (that) On condition (that) |
:
I - . Present Future Indefinite, Past Indefinite.
| If you listen carefully you will understand. | , . |
I be, have, give.
| If my information be correct, he has declined the proposal. | , . |
II - . , , Past Indefinite.
| 1. If you listened carefully, you would understand. | 1. , . |
| 2. If she were asked to come, she would certainly come. | 2. , , , . |
| 3. If he saw you here, he would be surprised. | 3. , . |
| 4. If I were to choose one of the these books, I would take the first. | 4. , . |
| 5. You wouldnt recognize him, if you saw him now. | 5. , . |
| 6. I would be glad, if they came tonight. | 6. , . |
| 7. Wouldnt you be glad, if he rang you up again? | 7. , ? |
III , .
should would + Perfect Infinitive.
, Past Perfect.
. .
| 1. If you had listened attentively, you would have understood. | 1. , . |
| 2. If you had not told me, I should never have known the facts. | 2. , . |
| 3. You would have answered these questions, if you had read this article yesterday. | 3. , . |
| 4. We wouldnt have gone for a walk on Sunday, if the weather had been bad. | 4. , . |
| 5. I should have answered your letter, if I had got it in time. | 5. , . |
| 6. She would have come long ago if something hadnt happened to her. | 6. , - . |
| 7. I should have written to her long ago, if she had sent her address. | 7. , . |
. .
| 1. Were she here, she would call at your institute. | 1. , . |
| 2. Were it not for his arrival, we should go to the theatre. | 2. , . |
| 3. But for your help, I should not have finished my work. | 3. , . |
| 4. Had he come in time, he wouldnt have missed the train. | 4. , . |
| 5. Had she rung me up on Sunday, I should not be angry with her. | 5. , . |
| 6. Had you helped us, we should have done this work in time. | 6. , . |
| 7. Had I been well last week, I would have gone to Mosow. | 7. , . |
II III
| 1. He wouldnt have told us that unbelievable story if he were hot a liar. | 1. , . |
| 2. The boy wouldnt have learned this problem so soon if he were not capable. | 2. , . |
| 3. They wouldnt have quarreled again, if they understood each other better. | 3. , . |
| 4. She would have answered much better at the exam, if she were less absent-minded. | 4. , . |
| 5. If he were my friend, he would have helped me when I got into trouble. | 5. , , . |
Training exercises
I. , .
1. If we raise the temperature the film will expand.
2. Were the speed of the rocket equal to that of light, its mass would be infinite.
3. Had we any reason, we might refuse of the offer.
4. If they had not been barbarians, they would not have destroyed Roman civilization.
5. If he had lived, he would have been celebrating his sixteenth birthday.
6. Had these facts been fully appreciated by him the situation would have taken a different course.
7. Had the author concentrated upon a single aspect of his subject, his study would have proved easier to read. 8. If they came, I should be glad.
9. If the degree of evaporation had been high the salinity of water would have been rising.
10. If the life had come to the so-called equilibrium, it would have never progressed beyond the amoeba.
11. But for radio astronomy, we should have never made the remarkable discoveries in the Universe.
THE PARTICIPLE
(Participle) , . 2 :
1. (Participle I), -ing :
to read reading
to construct constructing
2. (Participle II), -ed e III- .
| Active | Passive | |
| Present | Constructing | Being constructed |
| Past | - | Constructed |
| Perfect | Having constructed | Having been constructed |
Present Participle () .
Perfect Participle ( ) , .
| 1. While writing a letter she was listening to the radio. | 1. , . |
| 2. Having written a letter she left for the post office. | 2. , . |
:
1. Continuous Tenses.
They were waiting for the train.
2. . - .
Broken cup was lying on the floor.
The cup broken by him was very valuable.
She is a charming women.
The women singing romances is charming.
3. . while, when.
While going to the Academy we met our friends.
Having arrived at the city we were greatly impressed by its architecture.
We found a cheerful company assembled round a fire.
Training Exercises.
| 1. The man writing on the blackboard is our teacher. | 1. , . |
| 2. There are many books lying on your table. | 2. , . |
| 3. The acting laws are very important. | 3. . |
| 4. Being a good chemist he makes many experiments. | 4. , . |
| 5. Having no time he must do this work quickly. | 5. , . |
| 6. The large building being constructed in our street will be a new school. | 6. , , . |
| 7. Yesterday the professor told us about the experiments being carried on in his laboratory. | 7. , . |
| 8. Being asked when he intended to return he answered he didnt know. | 8. , - , , . |
| 9. Having collected all the material she could write a report. | 9. ( ) , . |
| 10. He phoned me having returned home. | 10. , . |
| 11. Having been sent to the wrong address the letter didnt reach him. | 11. , . |
| 12. Having been sent to London we couldnt attend the conference. | 12. , . |
1. , .
Having repaired the engine the mechanic showed it to the engineer.
1. .
2. .
3. , .
4. .
2. , ,
.
1. The plant being built in our district will produce radio sets.
2. The plant in our district will produce radio sets.
3. The plant which is being built in our district will produce radio sets.
4. They built the plant which will produce radio sets.
3.
.
Having been repaired the engine began operating better.
1. , .
2. , .
3. , .
4. , , .
4. , .
, .
1. When they asked they didnt get the answer.
2. Being asked they couldnt answer.
3. Having been asked they couldnt answer.
4. When they are asked, they cannot answer.
5. ,
:
Being packed in strong cases, the goods arrived in good condition.
1. , () .
2. , .
3. , , .
4. , .
6. , .
1. I was cold but too excited to mind it.
2. He stood surprised in front of his house.
3. When arriving at the cottage he found it locked.
4. While making experiments she always explains everything to the students.
5. While reading scientific magazines specialists pay attention to important problems.
6. The student showing you the book is my friend.
7. Give this letter to the man standing at the window.
8. Being a good specialist, our teacher often explains to us difficult problems.
9. Having many books in English my friend reads much about England.
10. The telegram sent was signed by the director.
11. Having asked the doctor about his childs state, he left the room.
12. Having been asked the students went to the park.
13. Given the book only yesterday, he was not able to read it.
14. Translated in a hurry the article contained many mistakes.
15. The workers building the dam used only local materials.
16. The train leaving from platform goes to London.
17. Having worked all day she had tired.
18. The cups were broken while being transported.
19. Given a dictionary he will be able to translate the article.
20. He smiled asking me about it.
7. , .
1. The conference ( ) at the academy is devoted to the problems of forest conservation.
2. Unable to attend the conference ( ) at the Academy, we asked to be sent the type-written reports.
3. They are now at the conference ( ) at the Academy.
4. ( ), he decided that there was nobody.
5. The man ( ) was our teacher last year.
6. ( ) he tiptoed into the room.
7. ( ), she found a telegram awaiting her.
8. I felt very tired ( ) in the sun.
9. ( ) he didnt care to look for it.
10. ( ) at the station we went to see our friends.
11. ( ) he usually uses a dictionary|
12. ( ) I usually answer it at once.
13. ( ) he usually goes t the dining-room.
14. ( ) I forget about my troubles.
15. ( , .)
16. We stopped at the turning of the road ( .)
17. The question ( ) .
18. ( ) the tourists felt refresh.
19. A car knocked down a women ( ).
