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2 , (1) ; (2) ; (3) , .. , [. 2006; Reuter, Remington 2008].
. 137
. , " " 2003 - 2005 . , [. 2008]. , . "" 1990- , () " ", 2000- " ", . 2000- . , [Geddes 2003: 47 - 88], .
2000- ? , , 1990- . 1990- ( , ), , , . " ", , , , [ 2008; Reuter, Remington 2008]. , 1999 - 2000 . " - ", ( ) . , "" [ 2002: 85 - 106; Shvetsova 2003], 2000- . , . . -, , . -,
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. 138
(, , , ..). -, -, .
, "" , 2000- , : . , , . "" ( , ), . : , , , . "" , , , . [. Dahl 1971: 15], . "" , . ( , ), "" . , . , "" : (1) - [Greene 2007]; (2) [. 2006; Hanson 2003; Hale 2006]; (3) .
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, , , . , 2000- -
. 139
, , . .
2001 . "" " - " " " " ", . , [Smyth 2002; Remington 2003], , . 2003 ., 37.6% , " -": 2/3 [ 2007]. , .
2001 - 2003 . [ 2006]. , 2003 - 2004 . , " ". , ( ) [ 2006; 2008]. , , , . 2005 . : [Goode 2007; Reuter, Remington 2008]. , " ". , , 2007 . : , " ".
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2003 ., , . : ( ) 5% 7% , -
. 140
. : , , 2007 ., 15 46 . , . , ( ) [Remington 2006; Smyth et al. 2007], " " 2007 . , , " ".
, ("" vs "", "" vs "", "" vs "" ..) [ 2000; Kitschelt et al. 1999] . , . (ad hoc) , ( ). , " " : (1) (); (2) , , "" ; (3) , - , "".