MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS
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THE POLYCLINIC
When a person in Russia falls ill, he calls a local polyclinic doctor. If his condition is not very bad and he does not have a high temperature, he goes to the polyclinic and his doctor examines him there. Every patient applies to a certain physician treating all the people in that district of the residential community, so any physician at the polyclinic knows his patients very well. Besides local physicians, specialists of various fields of medicine work at the polyclinic: surgeons, neurologists, eye doctors, ear, nose and throat (ENT) doctors, radiologists, cardiologists, urologists, physiotherapists, etc.
During the medical examination, the local physician first asks the patient what brought him to the doctor. Then the physician listens to the patients heart and lungs, takes his pulse and blood pressure or looks into the patients throat if necessary according to the patients complaints. Before making a diagnosis, the physician can refer the patient to the laboratory to have a blood or urine test done or to a specialist for an X-ray, an ECG or for an examination. The laboratory tests as well as other instrumental investigations help the doctor to make a correct diagnosis and to administer the proper treatment.
Every patient has a medical record called a personal patients card in Russia that each doctor fills in every time the patient visits the local polyclinic. Everything about the patient: the patients complaints, diagnoses, treatment(s) administered, and all changes in the patients condition are recorded in the patients medical record.
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In addition to their consulting hours at the polyclinic, local physicians go out on calls to examine those patients who are seriously ill and whose condition is poor. These patients have to remain at home and stay in bed. They usually receive sick leave from work for the period of their illness.
Doctors at the polyclinic are always assisted by nurses. Nurses help doctors during their consulting hours. They take patients temperature, fill in referral forms for lab tests or for other tests and make appointments for the patients next visit. Nurses also take patients blood for tests and make various tests at the laboratory. They give patients injections ordered by the doctor and they help surgeons dress wounds. Nurses also carry out various medical procedures prescribed by the doctor at the polyclinic or at the patients home.
Words to be remembered:
fall ill , be ill with -, illness = disease - ; call , , ; condition ; treat , treatment - ; examine - , examination ; physician -; local , ; district of the residential community ( ); besides , ; field , ; surgeon ; during , : bring (brought) , ; take (pulse, blood pressure) (, ); throat ; according to , ; complaint , complain of ; make a diagnosis ; refer to , referral (form) (); X-ray , ; urine (test) () ; do tests , have a test done ( , - - )[1]; investigation -, investigate ; administer ), prescribe - ; proper , ; medical record , record - , , ; fill in - ; in addition to - , add ; consulting hours ; poor = bad ( ); receive = get ; sick-leave - , , sick - , leave - , ; make an appointment - ( ); give injections ; order , , order an injection (, , ); dress wounds ; carry out = perform a procedure .
1. Fill in with the corresponding words to make a pair: a science - a specialist
| Specialist | Science |
| Otolaryngology | |
| Cardiologist | |
| Urologist | |
| Pediatrician | |
| Obstetrics |
2. How will you call these specialists in an other way?
Eye doctor
Ear, nose and throat doctor -
Therapeutist
3. a) Fill in with the corresponding words to make a pair: a noun a verb:
| Verb | Noun |
| Treat | |
| Diagnosis | |
| Administer | |
| Complain | |
| Investigate | |
| pressure | |
| Refer |
-
b) Fill in the gaps with the correct form of a word from the list above:
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1. Patients come to see the doctor to of some trouble.
2. Doctors administer the patient different .
3. A GP[2] can a patient to a specialist.
4. A GP can drugs for injections.
5. Medical scientists the problem because it is important.
6. The blood taken was 140 over 90.
7. Phonendoscope is an instrument that helps to a patients lungs or heart.
8. When the patients liver the doctor did ultrasound scan.
9. The nurse filled in a form for a blood test.
10. When a person is ill, but the is not clear he or she will be to several .
4. Combine the verbs from column A with the proper nouns from column B and translate the phrases they produce:
A B
a) take injections
give tests
make pulse
do diagnosis
temperature
electrocardiogram
an appointment
b) refer the test findings
fill in to a specialist
administer medical procedures
call referral forms
record a doctor
order a treatment
c) look into his throat
listen some noise
hear this patient
see to her heart
the blood tests finding
to the doctors advice
at the table with the tests findings
5. a. Find a definition for the words:
| Fill in | To do something that needs to be organized, to conduct |
| Look at | Write information in the spaces of a form or a text |
| Carry out | Ask someone to come and help |
| Call in | To pay attention to what someone is saying or to a sound that you can hear. |
| Listen to | Turn your eyes to see |
b. Fill in the gaps with the proper word from above:
1. The doctor . a patients medical record where he records the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
2. When a person has high temperature, he ... a doctor.
3. They . laboratory tests and instrumental investigations.
4. The doctor is asking the patient to her and open his mouth. She wants to examine his throat.
5. The doctor the patients lungs and heart.
6. Put the words in the correct order to make up questions; then answer them:
1. investigations / administer / instrumental / the doctor / does / What?
2. laboratory / you / do /know / analysis /What?
3. does / medical / kind / What / of / have / document / the patient / the polyclinic / at?
4. the doctor / assists / Who?
5. a nurse / What / does / do?
6. local / the / examine / How / does / patients / the / physician /the/ in / polyclinic?
7. are / What / specialists / polyclinic / there / in / other / the?
8. What / physician / down / does / the / write / medical record /the / into?
9. Where / local / can/ refer / a/ physician / patients?
10. Why / a / a / come / does / doctor / to see / patient?
11. look / doctors/ When / do / throat / patients / the /into?
7. Disagree with the following sentences (making them negative) and prove your idea.
Model: He takes every patients pulse.
No, he doesnt. He takes their blood pressure.
1. The consulting hours of a doctor last 6 hours a day.
2. The patient has high temperature.
3. The ear, nose and throat doctor goes out to calls.
4. Dr. Belova is a cardiologist at the local polyclinic.
5. A sick-leave is a medical record.
6. Nurses take patients pulse and blood pressure.
7. The patient complains of a severe headache.
8. In this case doctors administer warm applications to the chest.
9. The nurses give patients injections with non-disposable syringes.
10. The GP always refers patients to specialists.
11. Local physicians usually begin their examination with the words: Happy to see you!.
8. Say that somebody else does these things (change the person to S/he )
Model: I do blood tests. No, I dont. A nurse does them.
1. I make appointments for the evening.
2. I listen to the lungs and heart examining a patient.
3. I often make a proper diagnosis.
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4. I usually administer treatment with herbs.
5. I go out for calls after my consulting hours.
6. I fill in the patients medical record each time he visits me.
7. I administer a course of antibiotics.
8. I work at the local polyclinic.
9. I have high blood pressure: 180 / 120.
10. I help the surgeon to dress wounds.
9. Fill in the gaps with the English equivalents of the words in brackets:
1. E v ery patient () to a certain physician treating all the people in his district.
2. During the medical examination the local physician asks the patient what () him to the doctor`s.
3. Before making a diagnosis the physician ( ) the patient to have a blood or urine test done.
4. Local physicians ( ) to examine those patients whose condition is poor.
5. Seriously ill patients () to remain at home, to stay in bed.
6. Doctors at the polyclinic () by nurses.
7. Nurses ( ) administered by the doctor.
8. Each doctor () the record every time the patient visits him.
9. Everything about the patient () in the patient`s medical record.
10.A nurse on duty () various medical procedures ordered by the doctor.
10. Fill in the gaps with the correct verb tense form (active or passive).
1. The patient (breathe) heavily and became pale.
2. Every patient has a medical record which (fill in) by his physician.
3. The diagnosis of the disease, the administrations made by the doctor, the course of the disease (write down) in the patients record.
4. Last week he (complain of) a general weakness and a bad headache.
5. A nurse always (carry out) any of the doctor`s administrations.
6. Patient Smirnov looked ill and (to be) pale.
7. Such a sick person always (receive) a sick-leave.
8. He was seriously ill. He (to be) not able even to call a doctor in.
9. There was a deep wound on the lateral surface and it (to dress) by the nurse on duty.
10. The increase of the chest pain was associated with physical exertion and the patient (have to) stay in bed
11. You are going to read a text about physical examination. Try to answer these questions, then find answers in the text below:
1. What methods of physical examination do you know?
2. What senses and body organs of his/her own does a doctor use during the procedure?
3. What is to palpate?
4. What does the doctor check by palpation?
5. What is auscultation?
6. Does the doctor use any instruments examining patients?
7. What do you think percussion is?
Read the following extracts:
Palpation
Palpation is a method of feeling with the fingers or hands during a physical examination. A GP touches and feels the patient's body to examine the size, consistency, texture, location, and tenderness of an organ or body part.
Auscultation
Auscultation is the method of listening to the sounds of the body during a physical examination.
Auscultation is usually done using a medical instrument called a stethoscope. This is how it was invented. As a child, René Laënnec found that he could hear the scratching sound of a pin through the entire length of a wooden beam and when he became a doctor, he remembered this when he had to examine a young female patient. Instead of placing his ear to her chest to listen to internal sounds he used a paper tube, thereby inventing the first stethoscope.
Doctors listen to a patient's lungs, heart, and intestines to evaluate the frequency, intensity, duration, number, and quality of sounds.
Doctors also listen to the heart sounds of unborn infants. This can be performed with a stethoscope or with sound waves (called Doppler ultrasound). It can also be used to hear pulses in the hands and feet.
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Percussion
Percussion is a method of tapping body parts with fingers, hands, or small instruments as part of a physical examination. The purpose is to evaluate the size, consistency, and borders of body organs, and the presence or absence of fluid in body areas (lungs, abdomen etc.).
12. Use the list of words to identify the kinds of appointments described in sentences 1-12.
Cancelled confirmed delayed double-booked follow-up initial missed out-of-hours postponed previous routine successive vacant
EXAMPLE When a patient phones up to say they cannot keep their appointment. = This is a cancelled appointment.
1. An outpatients appointment after an operation.
2. When two people are given the same appointment time.
3. When a patient tells you they will definitely keep their appointment.
4. An appointment for eight oclock in the evening.
5. When the consultant is running late.
6. The first appointment.
7. An appointment made for Monday, but changed to Wednesday.
8. When a patient doesnt turn up.
9. An appointment slot that is available.
10. A regular appointment.
11. Not this appointment, but the one before.
12. All the appointments after this one.
A CHEMISTS SHOP
When we need a medicine, we go to a chemists shop. In Britain it can be a pharmacy, in the USA you will look for a pharmacy or a drugstore. A pharmacy is very much like any chemists in this country: its a shop where one can buy various drugs of traditional medicine as well as herbs and occasionally some popular homeopathic remedies. They also sell various things for different medical procedures like mustard plasters, cups, hot water bottles, ice-bags, disposable syringes and needles, cotton wool and other products for dressings, etc.
However, an American drugstore sells lots of necessary things which are far from medicine. Here you could buy an umbrella, a greeting card, a pen, felt-tip pens in various colors or a toy for your kid, some perfume, lipstick, and many other small items one may need in ones everyday life. The drugstore can be quite a big place, but you may only find a little counter selling medicine somewhere in a corner there. Most of the medicine we buy nowadays is produced by large pharmaceutical factories and only sold at the chemists or at a drugstore. Some doctors still prefer to write out special prescriptions. These should be ordered to be formulated by the compounding pharmacist of a pharmacy or simply filled from stock supplied by the manufacturers distributor.
Medicine is made in various forms convenient to use. There are pills, tablets or caplets and capsules for adults or older children to swallow. There are mixtures or syrups good for children to take in, nose drops or sprays, skin ointments and powders or creams to apply externally.
Every pack of medicine has a label to mark it. The name of the medicine and instructions for its use are always written there. It is important not to confuse one drug with another and not to overdose any medicine because a wrong drug or an improper dose may be poisonous. If a medicine was formulated in the pharmacy, it will have a white label to indicate it as an internal medicine, a yellow one when it is a drug for external use, a blue one when the medication is for injections.
Words to be remembered:
chemists shop = pharmacy = drugstore ; drug = medicine = remedy = medication ; need , ; herb - () ; as well as ; occasionally , ; buy (bought) - , sell(sold) ; mustard plasters - ; cups (.); hot water bottle - ; ice-bag ; disposable syringe and needle - ; item = thing , ; produce - , product - ; prefer - ; prescription - , write out a prescription , prescribe a drug for ; order - : formulate - (): compound , ; : fill ( ), ; stock - ; supply , ; pill ; caplet - ; swallow - ; take in - ; drop ; ointment - ; powder ; apply = (use) - , (), application , , ; external = outer - /internal =inner - ; label - ; mark ; confuse - ; overdose - ; indicate - ; wrong , ; poisonous - .
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1. Answer the questions:
1. What shop should you find if you need some medicine in Britain?
2. What can you apply on your back or chest if you cough?
3. What do you need to buy for injections?
4. In what case will you need products for dressing? a hot water bottle? an ice-bag?
5. What is the most unusual thing that you can buy at a drugstore?
6. Which drug forms can be taken orally by an adult?
7. What forms of internal medicine are convenient for children to swallow?
8. What medicine forms can be applied on the skin? into the nose? into the eyes?
9. What do the labels indicate?
10. Why are they sometimes of different colors?
2. a) Make up an adjective from the corresponding noun:
| Noun | Adjective |
| Allergy Pharmacy Tradition Herb Poison |
b) Fill in the gaps with a correct word from above:
1. Strawberries are not recommended to small children as they can cause an 2. companies study drug interactions. 3. At the chemists shop one can buy some drugs of medicine.
4. The doctor administered a mixture.
5. is the term applied to the practice of preparing and compounding medicines.
6. The overdose of some medicine can be .
7. A in UK is the same as the drugstore in the USA. 8. can be suppressed by antihistamine.
9. is any substance which may cause illness or even death.
10. The use of as medicines is probably as old as mankind.
11. is a reaction of the body to any substance.
3. You are going to read a text The Pharmacist Try to discuss the following questions before reading it. Start with: I think I believe As far as I know
- What is a pharmacist?
- Where do pharmacists work?
- What are the main things a pharmacist should do?
- What does a pharmacist check when reviewing medication profiles[3]?
Now read the text about this medical speciality:
The Pharmacist
Pharmacists are healthcare professionals that deal primarily with dispensing medications and managing patient medication regimens. The pharmacist has many responsibilities. The pharmacist fills prescriptions from doctors. The pharmacist also counsels the patient about medication, side effects, and how to use the medication correctly. Another responsibility of the pharmacist is to manage and monitor patient medication profiles. Pharmacists must check for drug interactions, proper prescribing and drug safety. The pharmacist works closely with patients, physicians, and other healthcare professionals to provide medication to the patient.
Roles of the pharmacist:
* Reviewing and monitoring patient medication regimens
* General health advice
* Counseling patients about disease states and medication
* Dispensing medication by prescription
* Counseling patients about the best use of medication
Pharmacists work in a variety of places with many different specialties. Pharmacists are often the first person patients ask for medical advice. With their position in the community and because they are very accessible, pharmacists play a major role in patient care.
Pharmacists work in:
* community pharmacies
* hospitals
* clinics
* pharmaceutical companies
* government offices
Pharmacist specialties include:
* community pharmacists
* hospital pharmacists
* nuclear pharmacists
* clinical research pharmacists
* consultant pharmacist
Now choose the proper answer(s):
1. What is a pharmacist?
1. a person who deals with medication 2. a person who consults patients 3. a person who prescribes medicine 4. a person who works in a hospital
2. What are the two main roles of a pharmacist?
1. side effects and prescriptions review 2. safety and dosage monitoring 3. dispensing medication and managing patient medication profiles 4. checking inventory and ordering prescriptions
3. What are the responsibilities of a pharmacist?
1. counseling patients 2. filling prescriptions 3. managing side effects 4. all of the above
4. Which one isn't a responsibility of the pharmacist?
1. to monitor patient medication profiles 2. to diagnose diseases
3. to fill prescriptions 4. to monitor safety of medication regimen
5. Where do pharmacists work?
1. pharmacies 2. hospitals 3. government offices 4. all of the above
6. Which is not a special field of a pharmacist activity?
1.counseling 2.research 3.hospital 4. medical record
7. What does a pharmacist check when checking a prescription? 1. drug interactions 2. drug safety
3. proper prescribing 4. all of the above
8. Which is a medication order?
1. a prescription 2. a medicine side effect
3. a drug interaction 4. a drugstore
9. Why is a pharmacist often the first person patients ask for medical advice?
1. Because they are nice. 2. Because they like questions.
3. Because of their accessibility in the community. 4. Because people like pharmacists.
10. An important role of the pharmacist is to a patient about medication, medication use, and side effects.
1. counsel 2. fill 3. manage 4. use
4. Group the drugs:
Ointment, pills, capsules, lotion, bandage, serum, powder, tablets, syrup, cream, caplets, vaccine, gargle, jelly, plasters, spray, inhaler, mixture, drops, mustard plasters, cups, patch, IV drip.
| Drugs for internal use | Drugs for external use | Drugs for injections |
5. Complete the sentences below with the words from the list:
cubic centimeters per cent
double dose ratio
extra length score
half dose teaspoon
junior strength units
milligrams
1. Measure out the ordinary household . of cough mixture.
2. If you miss one, you can catch up with a .. later.
3. Give the child two of the new orange-flavoured, aspirins.
4. He is a big man and needs an . analgesic.
5. The drug is very strong: even just a . can make you drowsy.
6. Make the solution with 100 .. of insulin.
7. Make up a suspension in a of 10:1.
8. Put 3.6 of the powder into a litre of water.
9. Make a 20 solution with 20 grams of soluble solid and add enough water to make 100 ml.
10. The patient has a . of 9 on the ranking scale for reactions to drugs.
11. Use a syringe with a volume of 25 ..
6. Read this little medical joke: During a follow-up appointment, a practice nurse asked a patient how he was getting on with his medication patches. The doctor told me to put a new patch every six hours and now Im running out of places to put them, he said. The nurse asked him to undress and saw that the man had fifty patches stuck on his body. Now write one sentence instructing for using the medication patches so that it could not be misunderstood
7. Discuss these questions:
- Should all medicines be free?
- Can you think of any reasons why it should be illegal to sell medicines online?
- Should pharmaceutical companies be banned from aggressive advertising of new drugs and giving presents to doctors?
8. Youll read a text about antibiotics. Before reading think and answer the following questions. Start with: I believe I think As far as I know
1. What do antibiotics do? 2. What antibiotics can you name? 3. Do antibiotics help with colds? Explain why. 4. What do you know about bacteria and viruses?
Now read the text and explain the contents to your partner so that s/he could understand it. The partner will ask as many questions as possible about the ideas in the text
Antibiotics
Antibiotics are strong medications that fight infections in the body. There are many classes of antibiotics and they have different effects on bacteria. Some antibiotics weaken the cell walls. Some antibiotics block protein or DNA synthesis. Antibiotics can kill bacteria or stop them from growing. Each antibiotic has specific characteristics and they dont work against all types of bacteria.
It is important that patients know several things about antibiotics:
Antibiotics dont work against viral infections such as colds and the flu.
Antibiotics dont work against sore throat and coughs which are generally caused by viruses.
It is important to finish all of the medication with antibiotics even if you feel better.
If a patient doesnt finish the prescription, it can be dangerous. Patients usually will feel better after 2 3 days. However, the bacteria might not be completely gone. If a patient stops taking his medication, the bacteria may grow, causing the patient to become sick again. Also, the bacteria may become resistant to the antibiotic making it more difficult to fight them.
Problems can occur with antibiotics. If the patient notices a rash, swelling, or any other allergic reaction, he should stop taking the medication and contact his physician immediately. Also, if the patient has problems with nausea or vomiting, he should stop the medication and contact his physician. A more tolerable alternative might be available.
Now find in the text and reproduce the information answering the questions:
1. What do antibiotics do in the body?
2. What ways do antibiotics fight bacteria?
3. Antibiotics dont work for many common problems. Give some examples.
4. Why is it important to finish your antibiotic prescription?
8. Complete each sentence with a type of medicine:
a painkiller an antihistamine
a sedative a stimulant
an anti-inflammatory medicine an antidepressant
an inoculation a laxative
an antibiotic a dietary supplement
1. . kills bacteria and other germs.
2. protects you against infectious diseases.
3. relieves pain.
4. .. reduces swelling.
5. .. encourages bowel movements.
6. provides a substance that the body lacks.
7. . treats allergies.
8. .. increases activity in the body.
9. reduces feelings of extreme sadness.
10. makes you relaxed and sleepy.
9. Discuss with a partner which type of medicine you could use to treat a person with:
a skin infection, a cut, an insect bite, constipation, loss of sleep, vitamin deficiency, an infectious disease, an allergy, a sore throat, a very high temperature.
HOSPITAL A hospital in Britain or the United States consists of inpatient wards and ambulatory or outpatient care services. When an outpatient consultation is needed the patient comes to the ambulatory or outpatient clinic. If a patient is getting admitted to the inpatient ward s/he can stay in the hospital for several days or weeks of treatment. Some larger hospitals also have Accident and Emergency Departments (A&E - Br.) or an Emergency Room (EMS[4] - US).
A patient who is getting admitted is first taken to the triage area (US), or admission department, or reception ward (Br.) where nurses take care of all the necessary procedures. They note general information about the patient: his/her name, age, job title, past medical history and the initial diagnosis made by the referring physician, in the patients medical record (case history). Other nurses take note of the patients vital signs, help him/her change into a gown and draw blood for any urgent tests.
The admitting physician examines the patient, comes up with an assessment of his/her condition and plan of treatment, identifies the urgency of the case and starts appropriate therapy if necessary, for emergency cases brought by ambulance. S/he also decides which medical service (hospital unit) the patient needs to be admitted to.
The day starts early in the hospital. Nurses take patients vital signs, take urine and gastric (digestive) juices samples, administer medications (pills and other oral drugs). They also give patients injections and IV (intravenous) infusions, perform wound care (including changing wound dressings after surgery) and other procedures as prescribed by doctors. Dayshift and nightshift nurses are always within reach to assist a patient or call a doctor.
Doctors see their patients during daily morning ward rounds. They listen to patients complaints, examine them and follow up on their progress.. Later they discuss their patients at a conference. Doctors can prescribe a special diet or order a diagnostic investigation test, such as CT (computer tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), X-ray, ultrasound scan, ECG (electrocardiogram). When the time comes, the doctor fixes the date of the patients discharge.
Words to be remembered:
Inpatient ; outpatient ; inpatient ward ; ambulatory = outpatient care service () ; admit to ; get admitted to - ; several ; accident ; emergency , ; triage area , , admission department = reception ward ; take care of , care , , ; note = take notes of , ; general ; medical history ; initial ; vital signs - ; (hospital) gown ; draw blood () take blood; urgent , urgency - ; assess , assessment ; appropriate = proper ; ambulance ; unit ; gastric = digestive juice () ; administer ; IV (intravenous) infusion , give an IV infusion ; perform ; change , ; shift ; within reach ; ward round ; ward ; follow up ; order , order an investigation or a test ; ultrasound scan - .
1. a) Give an opposite to each of the following words:
internal -
outpatient -
in-patient wards
inner
breathe in
exhale
upper
improper
discharge
out of reach
dayshift
b) Fill in the gaps with the correct word(s) from the list above:
1. At patients come to see the doctor.
2. At doctors come to see the patient.
3. A GP[5] can palpate organs to check their size and shape.
4. Drugs should always be kept of children.
5. Ointment and cream are for use only.
6. He is well now and can be from the hospital.
7. Phonendoscope is a instrument to listen to a patients heart.
8. When listening to the lungs the doctor asks to and hold the breath.
9. Phonendoscope intensifies the sound produced by the lungs when the patient ... and out.
10. When a person is ill the layer of the tongue may be coated.
2. a) Give synonyms to the following:
admitting physician
hospital unit
ambulatory service
an urgent case
draw blood for test
triage area
stay in hospital
prescribe treatment
apply mustard plasters
carry out procedures
note in the medical record
GP
receive a sick-leave
case history
determine
digestive juice
medication
b)Replace the underlined word phrases with their synonyms:
1. The doctor administered me this medicine.
2. The patient had his gastric juice taken for a test.
3. Has the nurse carried out the procedure?
4. Yesterday she remained at home because she had a stomachache.
5. My physician referred me to have blood taken for a test.
6. Did you administer mustard plasters to your back?
7. The patient was brought to the reception ward.
8. The admitting doctor examined the emergency case.
9. The nurse noted the patients vital signs in the medical record.
10. I need the outpatient care unit.
11. She got the blood test findings.
3 Make up questions in response to the following phrases using the words given in brackets. Let your classmate answer it:
1. In the hospital patients are not allowed to take the medicines themselves. (Why?)
2. A hospital in Britain or the United States consists of two departments. (What?)
3. Doctors can prescribe a special diet or order a diagnostic investigation test, such as electrocardiogram, computer tomography, ultrasound scan. (Why?)
4. The nurses on duty gave patients intramuscular and intravenous injections and all the prescribed remedies. (When?)
5. Medicine is made in various forms convenient to use, (What forms..?)
6. It is important not to confuse one drug with another. (Why?)
7. Every pack of medicine has something to mark it. (How?)
8. Nurses take patients` vital signs. (What signs..?)
9. The ward doctors examine their patients during the daily rounds. (Where?)
10. Before using the medicine the patient must know well that he is taking the proper drug and in the necessary dosage. (Why?)
4. Complete the following sentences:
1. The patient comes to the ambulatory or outpatient clinic when he ..an outpatient consultation.
2. The nurse on duty filled in the patient`s.
3. The of the person was quite obvious even without an examination.
4. In hospital doctors see their patient during their...
5. Hospitals in Britain or in the United States consists of...
6. Doctors listen to patients` complaints, examine them and... .
7. Nightshift and dayshift nurses are always within reach to .
8. Nurses also give patients injections, perform wound care including .
9. Some patients are to follow a diet to relieve ...
10. Doctors of the reception ward also decide which medical service the patient needs to be .
5. Fill in the gaps with the correct verb tense form (active or passive):
1. Different drugs for intramuscular and intravenous injections (to sell) at a chemist`s.
2. A person usually (to go) to a chemist`s shop when he (need) a medicine.
3. Yesterday my mother went to a pharmacy and (buy) a small box of medicine with a blue label on it.
4, A physical examination (to be) important to know the prognosis of the disease.
5. Last month my sister (to admit) to the inpatient ward because she was severely ill.
6. This emergency case (to examine) on admission.
7. All the general information about the patient is to (to note) in the medical record.
8. After the nurse (to take the vital signs) of this urgent case she told the doctor her findings.
9. The ultra-sound scan was necessary as it was (to confirm) the diagnosis.
10. Instrumental investigations (to order) by the doctor to diagnose the case more carefully.
6. a) Complete the test results with the phrases below
abnormally high low-pitched medium-sized precancerous slightly alkaline slower than average
1. You can hear a _________ diastolic murmur between heartbeats.
2. Analysis shows an __________ number of WBCs in the sample drawn from the vein.
3. We did a mid-stream collection and found a ___________ pH of 8.0.
4. A ________ ventricular rate of 69 bpm indicating possible myocardial infarction.
5. Weve had a look inside the duodenum and identified a ________ colony of H. pylori.
6. The Path labs analysis of the sample says that you have a _________ mole on your mid-upper back.
b) Match each completed result in test above with the one below
a. Acidity of urine d. Blood test
b. Biopsy e. ECG / EKG (heart)
c. Auscultation f. Endoscopy
7. a) Scan the text and say in a few words what it is about
Bacteriological Laboratory
In spite of immunization and effective treatment by modern drugs infectious diseases are still a major cause of illness and death worldwide. Recognizing microorganisms responsible for diseases is an essential step in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious illnesses. Tests to identify microorganisms play an increasingly important role in medicine today. All traditional tests performed in the bacteriological laboratory can be divided into two main groups: direct and indirect. The first method is microscopy, in which highly magnified images of microorganisms are produced so that they can be detected. Microscopy can be performed on any type of samples from the body, such as blood, urine, sputum or any other material withdrawn from the patient. Different microscopes are used to reveal different microorganisms. Bacteria are usually identified with light microscope. Viruses, which are much smaller than bacteria, are examined with a more powerful electronic microscope.
Sometimes test samples are taken and investigated immediately during the surgery, for example, to reveal bacteria causing the patients condition.. However, a sample often contains so few organisms that they cannot be identified easily. In such cases the microorganisms may be grown (cultured) to increase their number before microscopy.
Most samples are stained before a microscopic investigation to demonstrate the microorganisms they contain (for example, with Gram stain). When the samples are prepared different types of microorganisms can be recognized by their size, shape and color.
If the direct identification is impossible serologic methods are used. They are usually applied when a rapid diagnosis is needed or for diagnosing persistent infections (e.g. HIV infection), or to confirm the patient still has the immunity to a previous infection (such as rubella). This test is based on the reaction with antigen and antibody. Antigens and antibodies cannot be observed separately, but when they join together they form a large clump that can be seen by naked eye. The sample that is to be tested is added to the antibody-coated beads. If the suspected microorganism is present in the patient`s sample his antibodies will attach to the antigens beads, producing visible clumping.
Although the clumps of antigen and antibody may be seen without a microscope, the test may be made more sensitive by adding a fluorescent or radioactive marker to either the antigens or the antibodies before testing.
Words for better understanding:
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b) Answer the questions:
1.Why are bacteriological tests administered by doctors?
2.What equipment is needed to perform a bacteriological test?
3.What is the difference between direct and indirect bacteriological methods?
4.What kind of samples may be used for testing?
5.How is it possible to improve examining samples and identification of a pathogenic agent?
6. What is the basis of serological methods?
7. When are serologic methods used?
8. In what cases is it necessary to stain samples?
9. How can a serological test be made more sensitive?
2. Complete the sentences:
1.All common bacteriological tests can be divided......
2.The bacteriological tests can be performed on any......
3.To increase the number of detected microorganisms....
4.Testing for antibodies is used when.....
5.Antigen tests may be made more sensitive.......
6.In spite of effective immunization and vaccination
7. The type of a microscope used to identify bacteria is
8. Viruses can be seen only with because
9. Sometimes a serological test is necessary to confirm
10. Visible clumps are produced when
8. Translate into English:
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9. Read the list of various tests given below and explain why a doctor has ordered them. Try to give more reasons
Model: X-ray Doctor ordered X-ray of lungs to exclude pneumonia in the patient.
X-ray, CT, ultrasound scan, MRI, digestive juice test, blood test, urine test, ECG
