- The Industrial Revolution (1750-1900)
Beginning about 1750 many inventions brought changes that affected all of society. Before this time products were made by craftspeople using their own tools in their workshops. With new inventions and machines, people set up factories that could produce things cheaper and faster.
- Recent History (1900-Today)
The early 1900s started a period of very rapid growth in technology. Recent history is divided into ages that describe the technology of each period just as prehistoric times are described by the materials people used. Some of the recent ages include the
Air Age, the Atomic Age, the Jet Age, the Space Age, and the Information Age. The ages overlap and build on each other. As technology has changed, so have the ways people live. In earlier times, people lived in an agricultural society where they needed tools to live off the land. Then, during the industrial period many machines were invented that changed the ways in which products were made. Many people moved away from farms and worked in factories. Today we are in an Information Age, where skills such as finding and using information are important.
14. ) , Ⳮ 2:
1. Technology is changing slowly.
2. There are several periods in the history of mankind, depending
on the kinds of materials people used.
3. During the Bronze Age people learned how to mix copper with
tin to make a stronger metal.
4. An alloy is a combination of iron with another metal.
5. Copper was stronger than bronze.
6. Iron is no longer used in industry today.
7. During the Industrial Revolution people set up factories which
used technological inventions to improve production process.
8. The period called Recent History is a period of intensive
development technology.
9. The new inventions could produce more expensive things.
10. Today skills of finding and using information are not significant as they used to be.
) .
15. 2 .
16. , :
| STONE AGE | |
| BRONZE AGE | |
| IRON AGE | |
| PRE-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION | |
| INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION | |
| RECENT HISTORY |
17. , 2:
1. The population of the Earth has been growing all the time, hasn't it?
2. What is the correlation between the population growth and
technology development?
3. What are the integral parts of technology?
4. When did technology start?
5. How are the technological inventions distributed in the history
of humanity?
6. What kind of tools were first used by prehistoric people?
7. What principle is used to organize history?
8. What are the names of the periods history is divided into?
9. In what way does technology change people's life?
10. How can you define technology?
|
|
|
18. :
1. , .
2. ,
, .
3. .
4. .
5. ?
6. ' ,
, .
7. .
8. - , -
.
9. .
10.
.
11.
.
12. ,
㳿.
19.
) ,
1 2.
) .
) .
|
| jggiw |
| , () () |
| benefit to float wheel track friction to rub reason to figure out to assemble to predict space |
1. ' :
| to touch | , | () |
| sure | ||
| to occur | , | , |
| to fit | , | , |
| levitation | ||
| voice | ||
| art | , | , |
| to recognize | , | , |
| to conduct | ||
| to design | ||
| to present | ||
| disease | ||
| to improve | ||
| keyboard | ||
| to lose | ||
| to resist | ||
| property | , | , |
| to describe | , | |
,
()
'
()
2.
:
to take place, to double, rate of change, artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, biotechnology, magnetic levitation, to put to use, medicines, to give commands by voice, resistance to electricity, magnetic field, to reason through a problem, to make the right decision, to run a factory, working hours, space bases, solar energy, robotic vision.
. :
shape = form; hard = difficult; hard = strong; for sure = to be sure of; fast = quick, not slow; rate = speed; area = field; brief = short; advancements = developments; to manufacture = to produce; manufacturing = production.
4.
) , :
|
|
|
place - to place - to replace - placement;
to train - to retrain - training;
gene - genetic;
magnet - magnetic - to magnetize - magnetization - magnetism;
to lead - leader - leading;
to act - actor - action - acting - to react - reaction;
to recognize - recognition;
to conduct - conductivity - superconductivity - conductor;
voice - voiceless- voiced- to voice;
25
to develop - development - developments;
to describe- description;
to design - to redesign - design - designer;
art - artificial - artist - artistic;
to consider - consideration;
medicine -- medicines - medical - medication;
biology - biological - biologist.
) :
| NOUN | VERB | ADJECTIVE | ADVERB |
5. , . , :
| 1) room | temperature | 2) time period | |
| ? **- | - ? + | ||
| 3) craftsman | |||
| 4- | |||
acid rain, time period, iron ore, steam engine, coal mine, craft people, bronze age, information age, space age, knowledge base, science fiction, voice recognition, life forms, work week, space base, problem situation.
. 䳺:
a) When you (look) at stars, you really (look) back in time
hundreds, thousands, or even millions of years. The light that we
(see) shining from stars (take) time to travel to earth. Even
though light (travel) very fast (186,282 miles per second), stars
are very far away. You probably (see) the North Star, for example.
The light you (see) is really 680 years old! It is strange to think
that the light you (see) when you (look) at the North Star (leave)
the star during medieval times.
b) Advancements in technology (give) us the quality of life we
enjoy today. It is easy to see how the speed of technology
(increase) when you chart it on a type of graph called a timeline.
In this activity you will organize and chart some of the events
in history that (lead) to the high level of technology we (have)
in our world today.
7. , ' .
Future Technology
Technology touches almost every part of your life today. With technology comes change - change in the way people do things, change in the way machines work and change in how we think. Changes in technology took place very slowly before the Industrial Revolution. Now with so many new inventions and improvements on older inventions, change occurs faster than ever. Some people say our knowledge base (all the facts known to people today) is doubling every two to three years. When something changes, and keeps changing faster and faster, we call it an exponential rate of change. You can imagine how much knowledge there is now and how the knowledge base is growing.
How will technology shape your future? It's hard to say for sure, but you can be sure that future technologies will make your life easier or more productive. That is why technology is here. Future technologies should also bring good changes that fit the environment and our needs. You may hear words such as genetic engineering or biotechnology, voice recognition, superconductivity, magnetic levitation, and artificial intelligence. These are all areas where technology is being put to use for the future. Some of them used to be considered science fiction. Now they are real. Here are brief descriptions of a few future
|
|
|
technologies. Genetic Engineering or Biotechnology is the ability to design or redesign life forms. Developments in biotechnology or genetic engineering can lead to better production of food, prevention of disease, and improved medicines. Voice Recognition is a computer's ability to react to a person's voice. Instead of using a keyboard, you will give commands by voice. Superconductor is a material that loses all resistance to electricity, usually at low temperatures. This property is unusual because all materials have some resistance. Anything that uses electricity could benefit from this technology. Magnetic Levitation means trains that float above a magnetic field instead of using wheels on a track. Levitating trains reduce the friction made when two materials rub against each other. Levitation also makes it possible for trains to go over 300 miles per hour safely. Programming a computer to be able to reason through a problem as well as any person is called Artificial Intelligence. The computer would then be able to recognize problem situations and make the right decision. This means that the computer would be able to figure out what it needs to know on its own instead of being told!
Advancements in one field often lead to advancements in another field. In the future, you may find more robots replacing people in industry. In fact, many factories will be run totally by robots. As computers improve, so will robots. They will eventually be able to assemble products as well as make the parts. This means that people will have to be retrained to find other jobs.
People like you will have shorter working hours. Some people predict that the work week, which now averages around 40 hours per week, will be only half that in less than 50 years. What will you do with all your free time?
Manufacturing will be important in space, too. Factories on space bases will operate automatically. They will use natural materials from the space environment and will use solar energy for power. Space robots will perform well-defined tasks in some cases, but, with the improvement of artificial intelligence, robots will be more "intelligent." They will be capable of making logic decisions and with robotic vision, will actually recognize different objects.
We live in an exciting age of rapid technology growth. Keeping up with this rapid growth doesn't have to be frustrating. Learning about technology is fun! Technology is putting knowledge to use. You will learn that it is important to use your hands and your mind to solve problems.
Technology offers you the opportunity to explore the fascinating world in which you live.
8. .
9.
) ,
3:
1. Before the Industrial Revolution changes in technology took
place very fast.
2. Now new improvements and inventions occur very seldom.
3. Our knowledge base has not grown significantly in the last decade.
4. Future technologies will make our life more productive.
5. Genetic engineering, magnetic levitation, voice recognition used
to be considered science fiction and are so even today.
6. Only some materials have resistance.
7. The computer will be able to make the right decision.
8. You will see that advancements in one field will lead to
advancements in another field.
9. With robots, computers and all similar complex devices we will
have to work longer hours.
10. Factories in space will need a lot of people to operate them.
) .
10. , :
) ;
|
|
|
) ;
) .
.
11. :
)
1.
.
2.
.
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. ˳, ,
' .
)
1. .
2.
.
3. ,
.
4. .
5.
.
6. 㳿 .
7. .
8.
.
)
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ?
12. :
1. Superconductor is a material that loses all resistance to electricity,
usually at low temperatures.
2. A computer's ability to react to a person's voice is called voice
recognition.
3. In the future many factories will be run totally by robots.
4. Factories on space bases will operate automatically.
5. With technology comes change.
6. Our knowledge base is doubling every two or three years.
7. Future technologies will make your life easier and more
productive.
. , .
14. : knowledge base, exponential rate of change, science fiction, superconductivity, artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, robotics.
15. 7- .
16. 10 3 , .
17. , 13.
18. , :
With the increased store of knowledge available and the widening of the field of engineering to include diverse branches, it is usual to find groups or teams of engineers and scientists working on a single project. Where formerly an individual could absorb and understand practically all of the scientific knowledge available, now the amount of information is so vast that an individual can retain and employ at best only a part of it.
Since 1900 the ratio of engineers and scientists in the United States in comparison to the total population has been steadily increasing.
Year_____ Ratio of US engineers and scientists to pop ulation
| 1900 1950 1960 1980 2000 |
1 to 1800 1 to 190 1 to 130 1 to 65 1 to 35
There will be an even greater increase in technological advances in the next 20 years than there has been in the past 20 years.
In this age, as in any age, the engineer must be creative and must be able to visualize what may lie ahead. He must possess a fertile imagination and a knowledge of what others have done before him. As Sir Isaac Newton is reputed to have said, If I have seen farther than other men, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants". The giants of science and engineering still exist. All any person must do to increase his\ her field of vision is to climb up on their shoulders.
?**
19. :
amount to retain
field total
vast steadily
store advance
to employ advances
visualize possess
20. , 쳺 ( 18). ? .
ʲ 1-3
1. :
) ore, steam., rapid, to invent, acid, satellite, science, definite, tin,
copper, weapons, friction, keyboard, levitation, wheel, occur, tool,
essay, to develop, recent, bone;
|
|
|
) craft people, to hold a cutting edge, to find out more about
smth., to move away from farms, prehistoric people, to make the
right decision, to react to a person's voice, the store of knowledge
available, technological advances, a fertile imagination, a field
of vision, artificial intelligence, to deal with, a decision based
on facts.
2. ϳ :
) ', , 㳿, , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , ;
) , ,
, , ,
, , '
, , ,
, .
, :
metallurgy, acid, engineering, age, world, iron, materials, commands, history, base, development, robots, application, engine,
Q
environment, rain, protection, computer, ore, steam, knowledge, voice, space, field.
4. , . , .
| NOUN | IVERB | ADJECTIVE | ADVERB |
| to present | |||
| conductivity | _ | ||
| creative | |||
| - | scientifically | ||
| computer | |||
| advance | _ | ||
| to produce | |||
| definitely | |||
| to realize | really | ||
| magnet | |||
| to design | - | ||
| to react | |||
| training | - | _ | |
| voiced | _ | ||
| electrician |
5. .
1. Teaching a robot to work can be much simpler than training a
human apprentice to perform the same task.
2. Every motion made by the worker will be recorded by the robot
and will be converted automatically to a program that the robot
will then follow.
3. The program is usually stored on a tape cassette or disk.
4. When the robot is given a new task, the disk or cassette can be
kept for use when the robot returns to the original task.
5. In 1990 it was calculated that the total energy generated in the
USA would be the equivalent in 'muscle - power energy' of 153
slaves working for every American man, woman and child in
the country.
6. Early engineering was principally either civil or military.
7. We travel to space to learn more about the Earth and about the
stars, planets and moons in our universe.
8. Many of the benefits of space research are used to help people in
their daily activities.
9. There are also benefits that make life at home easier.
10. Surprisingly, the worst killer of all natural phenomena is not, as
we might think, tornadoes, hurricanes, floods or earthquakes, but
lightning.
11. Lightning can be a dangerous killer, and often is, far more often
than many people may realize.
12. Lightning is, without a doubt, a big killer, the greatest cause of
death among all types of storms.
13. The most costly lightning strike in the USA is considered to be
the one that hit an army arsenal in northern New Jersey on
July 10, 1926.
14. Property damage from this single lightning bolt was placed at
$70 million.
15. The study of technology is a study of process that includes both
technology and social processes.
16. Technology deals with designing, making, and doing things.
17. It is enriched by discoveries in science and shaped by the designs
of engineers.
18. Technology is the way that things are introduced into society.
. 10 .
In 1950, there were fewer than 150 computers in the world. In 1970, there were 50,000. Today, companies make 50,000 computers every day! A huge mainframe computer that cost millions of dollars twenty years ago can now be purchased as a portable computer for less than $5,000. Advancements in computer technology and electronics will make future computers even more powerful and less expensive.
Because technology is changing so fast, it is hard to predict what computers of the future will be like. Here are a few possibilites:
- voice-activated computers without keyboard;
- computers that operate with laser light instead of electronic
chips;
- computers that react to your eye movements;
- superconducting, superfast supercomputers;
- mind-reading computers;
