Types of meaning
Traditional approach
ü lexical (denotative, connotative)
ü grammatical
ü lexico-grammatical
Seven types of meaning according to G. Leech
1. Conceptual meaning or sense logical, cognitive, or denotative content.
2. Connotative meaning what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to.
3. Stylistic meaning what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.
4. Affective meaning what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.
5. Reflected meaning what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.
6. Collocative meaning what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.
7. Thematic meaning what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.
Types of meaning of a polysemantic word according V.V. Vinogradov
ü Nominative bar (barrier)
ü nominative-derivative bar (barrister)
ü colligationally conditioned Keep smiling!
ü collocationally conditioned Id love to meet them.
ü phraseologically bound to pin ones hopes on smth
Types of connotations
the connotation of degree or intensity
the connotation of duration
emotive connotation
the evaluative connotation
the causative connotation
the connotation of manner
the connotation of attendant circumstances
the connotation of attendant features
stylistic connotation
Types of semantic change of meaning
generalization (widening)
specialization (narrowing)
metaphor
metonymy
hyperbole
litotes (understatement)
irony
amelioration (elevation)
pejoration (degradation)
- euphemism
Classification of homonyms
Western approach
homonyms proper (bank-bank)
homophones (night knight)
homographs (row [rou] row [rau])
according to A.I. Smirnitsky
Full homonyms partial homonyms
simple lexico-grammatical
complex lexico-grammatical
partial lexical
full homonyms (bank-bank)
partial homonyms
ü simple lexico-grammatical (found -founded-founded, find- found -found)
ü complex lexico-grammatical (rose (noun)- rose (verb from rise-rose-risen)
ü partial lexical (lie -lay-lain, lie -lied-lied)
SYNONYMS
Absolute (total) noun substantive
Ideographic like love adore worship
Stylistic meal snack bite
Antonyms
Structural classification
Root or absolute love hate
Derivational married unmarried
Semantic classification
Contrary hot warm cold
Contradictory dead alive
Loan wordS or borrowings
1. completely assimilated loan words (cheese, street, wall, wine)
partially assimilated loan words
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v not assimilated semantically (sari, sombrero,rickshaw)
v not assimilated grammatically (phenomenon-phenomena, formula-formulae, index-indices)
v not assimilated phonetically (machine, cartoon, police)
v not assimilated graphically (ballet, buffet, café, cliché)
3. unassimilated loan words or barbarisms ( addio, ciao,ad libitum)
Word-building
| Classification of suffixes | Classification of prefixes v semantics (meaning) v productivity v origin v frequency |
| Functional | |
| Derivational v part of speech v productivity v origin v frequency |
Composition (structural aspect)
