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| Marketing channel is a complex network of joined independent organizations with the purpose of delivering goods and services and increasing demand. | |
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| Marketing channels stimulate demand through the promotional activities of retailers, manufacturers' representatives, sales offices, and wholesalers. | ||
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| Public and private goods could be available for consumption only through distribution through different marketing channels. | ||
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| Legislators, educational administrators and insurance companies use the channels of marketing to distribute their products. |
,
N 29
:
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| 30 Empire Drive Manchester M6 2PQ | ||
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| 8 March 2008 | ||
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| Mr Davis Assistant manager Transworld Frieght 74 Dockside Manchester M12 7BJ | ||
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| Dear Mr Davis, | ||
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| I saw your advertisement for an Export manager in the Daily herald of 7 March and I would like to apply for the position. | ||
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| Yours sincerely, | ||
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| Geoffrey Andrews |
, N 30
:
.
, .
|
| the house number in the return address | ||
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| the town the letter comes from | ||
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| the addressee | ||
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| the street name in the mailing address | ||
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| the town in the mailing address | ||
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| the country in the mailing address |
,
N 31
: , -, -, -, ,
, .
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|
| Letter of Complaint | |
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| Memo | ||
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| Inquiry Letter | ||
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| Cover Letter |
N 32
: , , ( )
, :
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| From | ||
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| 23 September | ||
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| Subject | ||
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| [email protected] |
:
, , , ( ).
, , :
( , );
( , );
( , , );
;
;
( : / / ).
|
|
|
N 1
:
His ________ on tests did not allow him to go on with studies.
|
|
| scores | |
| numbers | ||
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| figures | ||
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| items |
, N 2
:
They managed to buy the equipment for less than the asking
|
|
| price | |
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| value | ||
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| cost | ||
|
| amount |
N 3
:
The ______ of the loan is spread over 25 years.
|
|
| repayment | |
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| income | ||
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| contract | ||
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| increase |
N 4
: ()
The difference between the buying and selling price of goods is
|
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| a profit margin | |
|
| cost | ||
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| a balance | ||
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| equilibrium |
N 5
:
London is home to one of the United Kingdoms most important ______, the Queen.
|
|
| residents | |
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| residence | ||
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| reside | ||
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| residentiary |
N 6
:
There were ______ interesting people at the party last night.
|
|
| no | |
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| any | ||
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| nobody | ||
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| every |
N 7
:
Life is getting
|
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| harder and harder | |
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| as hard as | ||
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| hardly | ||
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| more and more hard |
N 8
:
The staff of our hospital includes qualified
|
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| women-doctors | |
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| woman-doctors | ||
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| womans-doctor | ||
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| women-doctor |
N 9
:
You could buy ________ at $500 in those days.
|
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| A Picasso | |
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| The Picasso | ||
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| an Picasso | ||
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| Picasso |
N 10
:
Walk ________ the station, but turn right a couple of blocks before you get there.
|
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| towards | |
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| in | ||
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| from | ||
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| into |
N 11
:
She wouldnt forgive him ________ all his apologies.
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| despite | |
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| after | ||
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| in case | ||
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| for |
N 12
:
I slipped away while the others
|
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| were having lunch | |
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| had lunch | ||
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| are having lunch | ||
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| had had lunch |
N 13
:
Books _______ for centuries to preserve and distribute information.
|
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| have been used | |
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| are used | ||
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| are being used | ||
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| have been using |
N 14
:
Would you be so kind as _______ me move the sofa?
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|
|
|
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| to help | |
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| help | ||
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| helping | ||
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| being helped |
N 15
:
The customs officer went through their bags looking _______ drugs.
|
|
| for | |
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| out | ||
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| in | ||
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| after |
N 16
:
We ________ to hurry or well be late.
|
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| ought | |
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| were | ||
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| shall be allowed | ||
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| had |
, N 17
:
, .
A: Would you wait half an hour, please?
B: ____________.
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| All right. | |
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| Yes, please. | ||
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| Yes, I would. | ||
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| Yes, Ill wait. |
N 18
: -
, .
A: Excuse me. Can I talk to Mr Nolan?
B: _____________.
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| Im afraid, Mr Nolan is out. | |
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| We dont have such a person. | ||
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| Whos asking? | ||
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| What? |
N 19
: -
, .
Teacher (colleague): I have some problems with the Internet. Will you e-mail my article to the editor?
Teacher (colleague): _____________.
|
|
| Yes, of course. | |
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| You seem to know better. | ||
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| Its out of the question! | ||
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| I'd be glad to. Whats up? |
, N 20
: -
, .
Receptionist: Just a moment, please, while I check. You have a reservation for a three-room suite for tonight
Guest: _____________?
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| Im afraid theres been a mistake. I only asked for a single room, not a suite. | |
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| What?! I didnt ask for a suite. | ||
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| You must be kidding me. I dont need a suite. | ||
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| I will book a room here. |
N 21
:
The Irish Sea separates Great Britain from
|
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| Ireland | |
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| England | ||
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| France | ||
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| Scotland |
, N 22
:
The two major parties in the US are the
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| Republicans and the Democrats | |
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| Republicans and the Socialists | ||
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| Democrats and the Socialists | ||
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| Democrats and the Conservatives |
N 23
:
There are ________ provinces and territories in Canada.
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| thirteen | |
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| ten | ||
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| eleven | ||
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| twelve |
,
N 24
: -
A famous American writer of wit short stories with clever twist endings is
|
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| O. Henry | |
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| Graham Green | ||
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| Ernest Hemingway | ||
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| F. Scott Fitzgerald |
, N 25
:
.
Market Economies
1. In a true market economy the government plays no role in the management of the economy, the government does not intervene in it. The system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production and private supplies of capital, which can be defined as surplus income available for investment in new business activities. Workers are paid wages by employers according to how skilled they are and how many firms wish to employ them. They spend their wages on the products and services they need. Consumers are willing to spend more on products and services, which are favoured. Firms producing these goods will make more profits and this will persuade more firms to produce these particular goods rather than less favoured ones.
2. Thus, in a market economy consumers decide what is to be produced. Consumers will be willing to pay high prices for products they particularly desire. Firms, which are privately owned, see the opportunity of increased profits and produce the new fashionable and favoured products.
3. Such a system is, at first view, very attractive. The economy adjusts automatically to meet changing demands. No planners have to be employed, which allows more resources to be available for production. Firms tend to be highly competitive in such an environment. New advanced products and low prices are good ways to increase sales and profits. Since all firms are privately owned they try to make the largest profits possible.
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