1. HClO 0,005 /, NaClO 10−3 / ( 90%).
. K = 2,8∙10−8, HClO
HClO ⇄ H+ + ClO−.
NaClO , , HClO - ClO− :
NaClO → Na+ + ClO−.
, x /. ClO− ,
= x + α NaClO ∙ C NaClO = (x + 0,9∙10−3) /.
(0,005 x) /.
H+, ClO− HClO
= 2,8∙10−8
= 1,55∙10−8 /.
= −lg= −lg(1,55∙10−8) = 7,8.
, , , , HClO, NaClO .
2. , 100 HNO3 200 Ba(OH)2.
.
2HNO3 + Ba(OH)2 → Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O
Ba(NO3)2, . , , , , .
HNO3 Ba(OH)2,
n = Vz,
(/), V (), z
n (HNO3) = 10−2∙100∙10−3∙1 = 10−3
n (Ba(OH)2) = 10−3∙200∙10−3∙2 = 4∙10−4
, , 6∙10−4 HNO3 4∙10−4 Ba(NO3)2.
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. ,
HNO3 → H+ + NO3−
Ba(NO3)2 → Ba2+ + 2NO3−,
,
C (H+) = = 2∙10−3 /
C (Ba2+) = = 6,67∙10−4 /
C (NO3−) = C (H+) + 2 C (Ba2+) = 2∙10−3 + 2∙6,67∙10−4 = 3,33∙10−3/.
, -, g, I:
I = 0,5 å(Ci ∙ zi 2) = 0,5 ∙ (2∙10−3 ∙ 12 + 6,67∙10−4 ∙ 22 + 3,33∙10−3 ∙ 12) = 7,99∙10−3,
−lg 0,5 zi 2 ∙ = 0,5∙ 12∙ = 0,0446 = 0,902
Ci − i - , zi − i - .
= −lg = −lg = −lg(2∙10−3∙ 0,902) = 2,74.
3. , Ag2SO4 20 5,010−4 AgNO3 30 1,010−7 Na2SO4. AgNO3 Na2SO4 100%.
. (K) ().
( ) AgNO3 Na2SO4 Ag2SO4
2AgNO3 + Na2SO4 → Ag2SO4 ↓+ 2NaNO3,
V = V - (AgNO3) + V - (Na2SO4) = 20 + 30 = 50
Ag2SO4, :
(Ag2SO4) = [Ag+]2[SO42−] = 1,210−5.
K = .
AgNO3 Na2SO4 100%, Ag+ AgNO3 510−4 /
AgNO3 → Ag+ + NO3− ,
510−4 510−4 510−4
SO42− Na2SO4 − 10−7 /
Na2SO4 → 2Na+ + SO42−
10−7 210−7 10−7
Ag+ SO42− :
/
/
K = (210−4)2610−6 = 2,410−13. , , Ag2SO4 .
4. CH3COONa, 4,1 , 100 3. K (3) = 1,75∙105, = 1014
. :
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= 0,5 /
CH3COONa NaOH CH3COO ( = 1,8∙105), - :
3− + 2 ⇄ 3 + −
K = .
,
= 14 + 0,5lg(K ∙ C) = 14 + 0,5lg( ∙ 0,5) = 9,22.
: , , ; .
1−8. , K .
, / | K | , / | K | ||||
3 | 0,010 | 1,8∙10−5 | HClO | 0,100 | 2,8∙10−8 | ||
HCN | 0,001 | 4,9∙10−10 | C6H5COOH | 0,005 | 6,110 −5 | ||
HNO2 | 0,500 | 5,1∙10−4 | HF | 0,200 | 6,610−4 | ||
NH4OH | 0,005 | 1,7∙10−5 | NH4OH | 0,001 | 1,7∙10−5 |
9−16. -, .
, / | , / | ||||
HNO3 | 0,001 | NaOH | 0,100 | ||
ClCH2COOH | 0,010 | KOH | 0,500 | ||
HCl | 0,050 | Ba(OH)2 | 0,001 | ||
HBr | 0,005 | CsOH | 0,010 |
17−22. -, , 0,01 /.
, / | , / | ||||||
HCl | 0,001 | NaCl | KOH | 0,100 | KCl | ||
HNO3 | 0,015 | NaNO3 | Ba(OH)2 | 0,010 | BaCl2 | ||
HBr | 0,005 | KBr | NaOH | 0,002 | NaNO3 |
23−28. , K , ( 100%).
K | , / | |||
3 | 1,8∙10−5 | 3K | 0,100 | |
HNO2 | 5,1∙10−4 | NaNO2 | 0,002 | |
1,8∙10−4 | Na | 0,500 | ||
HClO | 2,8∙10−8 | KClO | 0,001 | |
HCN | 4,9∙10−10 | LiCN | 0,005 | |
HF | 6,610−4 | NaF | 0,010 |
29−36. , V 1 V 2 . .
V 1, | V 2, | |||
HNO3 | NaOH | |||
HCl | Ba(OH)2 | |||
HBr | KOH | |||
ClCH2COOH | CsOH | |||
HCl | LiOH | 0,5 | ||
HNO3 | Ba(OH)2 | 1,5 | ||
HBr | NaOH | |||
ClCH2COOH | KOH |
37−42. K , .
K | K | ||||||
3 | 1,8∙10−5 | 5,5 | HClO | 2,8∙10−8 | 6,0 | ||
NH4OH | 1,7∙10−5 | 9,5 | HCN | 4,9∙10−10 | 5,0 | ||
HNO2 | 5,1∙10−4 | 3,5 | NH4OH | 1,7∙10−5 | 11,0 |
43−50. 90%, 500 , . .
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HNO3 | 2,0 | NaOH | 11,5 | ||
HCl | 4,5 | KOH | 10,0 | ||
HBr | 3,0 | Ba(OH)2 | 13,0 | ||
HNO3 | 4,2 | KOH | 12,5 |
51−58. 25 C . .
, / | , / | ||||
Fe(OH)3 | 1,81∙10−9 | Mg(OH)2 | 6,44∙10−3 | ||
Ag2CO3 | 3,20∙10−9 | Ag2SO4 | 8,36 | ||
PbI2 | 6,22∙10−1 | Zn(OH)2 | 1,46∙10−4 | ||
CaF2 | 1,68∙10−2 | CaCO3 | 6,93∙10−3 |
59−66. , .
Mg(OH)2 | 5,510−12 | Cr(OH)3 | 6,710−31 | ||
Fe()3 | 3,810−38 | Pb(OH)2 | 1,010−15 | ||
Al(OH)3 | 5,110−33 | Zn(OH)2 | 1,310−17 | ||
Cu(OH)2 | 5,010−19 | Bi(OH)3 | 3,010−32 |
67−73. , ( ), V 1 1 V 2 2? 100%.
V 1, | 1, / | V 2, | 2, / | |||||
BaSO4 | 1,110−10 | BaCl2 | 0,020 | Na2SO4 | 0,100 | |||
AgCl | 1,610−10 | AgNO3 | 0,001 | l2 | 0,010 | |||
SrSO4 | 3,210−7 | Sr(NO3)2 | 0,001 | Na2SO4 | 0,005 | |||
PbI2 | 9,8 10−9 | Pb(NO3)2 | 0,040 | KI | 0,001 | |||
Ag2CO3 | 8,710−12 | AgNO3 | 0,002 | Na2CO3 | 0,010 | |||
PbSO4 | 1,610−8 | Pb(NO3)2 | 0,010 | K2SO4 | 0,010 | |||
ZnS | 7,410−27 | ZnCl2 | 0,005 | Na2S | 0,001 |
74−79. ( ) 0,005 ( 100% 1 ).
3 | 4,810−9 | l2 | |
PbSO4 | 1,610−8 | Na2SO4 | |
AgBr | 6,310−13 | KBr | |
CaC2O4 | 2,510−9 | Na2C2O4 | |
ZnS | 7,410−27 | Na2S | |
CaF2 | 4,010−11 | NaF |
80−91. - . , K ai K bi .
, / | |||||
K a(b)i | |||||
K2SO3 | 0,005 | 2SO3 | K I = 1,710−2 K II = 6,310−8 | ||
NH4NO3 | 0,001 | NH4OH | K b= 1,7∙10−5 | ||
Na2S | 0,004 | 2S | K I = 5,710−8 K II =1,210 −15 | ||
ZnCl2 | 0,002 | Zn(OH)2 | K bI = 4,410 −5 K bII = 1,510 −9 | ||
3K | 0,100 | 3H | K = 1,8∙10−5 | ||
Pb(NO3)2 | 0,060 | Pb(OH)2 | K bI = 9,610 −4 K bII = 3,010 −8 | ||
K2SiO3 | 0,001 | H2SiO3 | K I = 2,210 −10 K II = 1,610 −12 | ||
K23 | 0,001 | 2CO3 | K I = 4,310 −7 K II = 5,610 −11 | ||
NaCN | 0,020 | HCN | K = 4,9 10 −10 | ||
NH4l | 0,010 | NH4OH | K b= 1,7∙10−5 | ||
KNO2 | 0,001 | HNO2 | K = 5,1∙10−4 | ||
K3 | 0,050 | 2CO3 | K I = 4,310 −7 K II= 5,610 −11 | ||
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