1.
2, -1 ( ) a b b. . .
1. , a, b,..., l .
2. a, b,..., l
(a, b,..., l), (a, b,..., l) .
3. (a, b,..., l) = 1, a, b,..., l .
4. a, b,..., l , a, b,..., l .
, . ² ² ² ² .
.
6, 10, 15, - , (6, 10, 15) = 1 - .
8, 13, 21, - , (8, 13) = (8, 21) = (13, 21) = 1 - .
.
1. a b, a b b; .
, a b b. , a b, 4, -1 ( [ b | c | b c | a ]), b a, b a.
, a b b, , b b, (a, b) = b.
2. a, b, q r
a = bq + r, (1)
a b b r; (a, b) = (b, r).
, , a b 8, -1 ( k + l + +... + + q +... + s , , , b, b), r, b r a.
, a b b r , , (a, b) = (b, r).
.
[1] VII ²² , , , .
.
a b - () a > b. a b, 1, -1 ( a b, q r , a = bq + r 0 £ r < b)
|
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a = bq + r 1, 0 < r 1< b.
b r 1,
b = r 1 q 1 + r 2, 0 < r 2 < r 1.
r 1 r 2,
r 1 = r 2 q 2 + r 3, 0 < r 3< r 2
..
, b > r 1> r 2 >...> > >... , ( b b ). , n, . ,
a = bq 0 + r 1,
b = r 1 q 1 + r 2,
............ (2)
rn -2 = rn -1 qn -1 + rn,
rn -1 = rnqn .
, 2 , a b b r 1, b r 1 r 1 r 2, r 1 r 2 r 2 r 3 .. , , a b rn -1 rn , , 1 ( a b, a b b; ) rn. .
, .
3. a b rn .
4. a b .
. a b .
. 525 231.
,
525| 231
462 |2
231 | 63
189 |3
63| 42
42 | 1
42| 21
42 |2
r 3= 21; (525, 231)= = 21.
, .
5. a b m, m, .
(am, bm) = (a, b) m.
. (1) m,
am = bmq 0 + r 1 m,
bm = r 1 mq 1+ r2m,
r 1 m = r 2 mq 2+ r 3 m,
...............
rn -2 m = rn -1 mqn -1 + rnm,
rn -1 = rnmqn,
am bm. rnm, (am, bm) = rnm = (a, b) m.
6. a b , , = .
, = (a, b).
, 5
= .
, (a, b) = . = .
5 6 :
1. b d , = 1.
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2. b d , d .
3. (a, b) = 1, (ac, b) = (c, b).
, (ac, b) ac bc ( (, b) b, (ac, b) bc), (ac, b), 4( a b ), (ac, bc), 5 ( a b m, m) c, . (ac, b) b, (, b). , (, b) ac b, , (, b) (c, b) , , .
4. (a, b) = 1 ac b, b.
, 1 ( a b, a b b), ac, b, (ac, b) = b, 3 ( (a, b) = 1, (ac, b) = (c, b)) b = (c, b), ( 1) c b.
5. b c, bc.
, .
1, 2,..., an -1, n - , 0. ( 1, 2) = d 2, (d 2, 3) = d 3,..., (dn -2, n -1)= dn -1, (dn -1, n) = = dn. ( 1, 2,..., n) = (((× × × ((a 1, 2), 3),...), ). .
2¢. 1, 2,..., n , .
7. a 1, a 2,..., am b 1, b 2,..., bn, a 1× a 2××× am b 1× b 2××× bn.
, 3 ( (a, b) = 1, )
(a 1× a 2××× am, b 1) = (a 2× a 3××× am, b 1) =... = (am, b 1) = 1
, a 1× a 2××× am = A,
(b 1× b 2××× bn, ) = (b 2× b 3××× bn, ) = (b 3× b 4××× bn, ) =... = (bn, ) = 1.
.
5. , a 1, a 2,..., an, .
6. a 1, a 2,..., an [ a 1, a 2,..., an ], (a 1, a 2,..., a) .
() .
(, b) = d, a = da 1, b = db 1 , , 1 6 ( b d ) (a 1, b 1) = 1. - a b. a, = ak, k - . b, ,
= =
, , 4 6 ( (a, b) = 1 ac b, b) k b 1. , k = b 1 t, t - ,
. (3)
, , , (3) t a b, , , (3) a b. , , t = 1.
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. (4)
(3) :
. (5)
(5) (4) :
8. .
9. , .
O .
1) ;
2) [ a 1, a 2] = m 2, [ m 2, a 3] = m 3,..., [ mn -2, an -1] = mn -1, [ mn -1, an ] = mn. [ ] = mn.
:
[ ] = [... [[ 1, 2], 3],..., an ].
.
6¢. , .
[1] - - . 3 . . . ²² (15 ), , , .