:
1. .. . . 2-, . . .: , 2006. 288 .
2. , . . / . . , . . , . . , . . . .: , 2005. 592 .
3. .. . .: -, 2007. 296 .
4. , .. / ... - . . . - .: , 2007. 432 .
5. , .. . / .., ... .: , 2007. 176 .
6. , . . . . .: . , 2003. 640 .
7. - / . . , . . , . . . .: -, 2005. 320 .
8. , . ISDN / . ; . . . . , . . . . - .: - , 2005. - 264 .
9. , . / . . .: , 2007. 1358 .
10. / .., .., .., ... .: , 2008. 344 .
11. . : , . .: , 2009. 496 .
12. ., . UMTS. , , . . . .: , 2007. 464 .
13. .., .., .. . .: -, 2005. 384 .
14. . . . . .. . ... .: , 2006. 536 .
, , .
1. .
, .
1.1. .
.
(), , ( ) .
(, wired) (, wireless) .
, , .
(node) - , . , , - .
|
|
, , .
, , .
(network) , . , , ( ), (2-3 ) .
:
(WWW World-Wide Web), ;
- (GSM, UMTS);
- () Wi-Max ( IEEE 802.16);
(WLAN) IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b (Wi-Fi).
( ) .
(network-to-network interface) , (, ), .
( , gateway) - , . , , , , .
(protocol) , , . , , .
(server) , , , , .
(resources) - , , ( , , , .)
( ) . [ 126- 07.07.2003] 30 .
1837 . . . 24 1844 . . 1858 . .
1874 . . , 6 . 1877 . . ( ) (5 ), .. , 2.
|
|
1876 . . ., . ( 14.02.1876).
1888 . . Telautograph . 1889 . . , (- ). 99 . 1897 . ( ).
. , . 1885 . .. , 10000 500 ( 10000 0.125). 1895 . .. ..- , .
1909 . .. , , .
1909 . . () ( ).
1928 . - . ( ), 1933 . .. . 1948 . . .
1938 . . , (- ). ., . . Bell Laboratories 1948 . () .
(.., ., . 1893-96 .). 20- ( ). 1933 . . (), 1936 . . 1946 . AN&T Bell System (MTS) (20 ). 3 60 150 . .
12 1960 . 1500 () Echo-1. 30 , . 10 13 1962 . Telstar-1 Relay-1 ( 2 ). 19 1964 . (, Syncom-3). 20 1964 . Intelsat (International Telecommunication Satellite Organization) ( 2001 . 2/3 Intelsat). 23 1965 . -1.
1960- (), (), . 1961 . . MIT . 1964 . . RAND , . 1965 . . MIT . TX-2 Q-32 . 1967-1968 . NPL () 768 / ( 1970- . 200 250 /). 1968 . IBM . Token Ring.
|
|
1967 . ARPANET, IPTO (Information Processing Techniques Office) ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) . 1968 . . BBN ARPA .. (Interface Message Processor). 1969 . ARPANET - . ARPANET . BBN ( ) . (SRI). ARPANET - .
1970 . ( ) ALOHA. . ( . . ) . , . 1972 . ALOHA ARPANET. ALOHA (ARQ), CSMA. , .
1972 . . BBN ARPANET. 1974 . . ( ) . (Cerf V.G., Kahn R.E. A protocol for packet network interconnection // IEEE Trans. Comm. Tech. Vol. COM-22. V. 5. May 1974. P. 627-641), TCP/IP. BBN Telnet ( ARPANET).
1973 . . Xerox -, Xerox MIT ARPANET, , Ethernet ( ). . Ethernet-, 2,944 /. Ethernet CSMA/CD . , 1979 ., . - Xerox, Intel Digital Equipment (DEC) - Ethernet, . 1979 . DEC 3COM Ethernet- .
|
|
1976 . CCITT .25, (Interface between DTE and DCE for Terminal Operations in Packet Mode and Connected to Public Data Networks by Dedicated Circuit). .
1977 . - Sony . , . , Ethernet (Acknowledging Ethernet). (IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.15).
1978 . Batelco (Bahrain Telephone Company) , . 20 400 250 . Matsushita Electric Industrial. AT&T Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), 800 . 10 54 . 2.
1977 . Hayes Microcomputer Products Micromodem II (Apple II). 110/300 / 280 . 1979 . CCITT V.21, 300 /.
1980 ., TCP/IP . -. 1983 . ARPANET TCP/IP NCP. ARPANET, , MILNET, .
, , . , Ethernet-Fast Ethernet-Gigabit Ethernet, 10/100/1000 /. .25 Frame Relay, TCP/IP, ATM Gigabit Ethernet.
70-80- , , -5, . ( ) - . , , , . , , , , , .. .
, , . . , , , () . , 60- , , . , . ( 1962 .) IPTO ARPA, . . , , . 60- . (Licklider J.C.R. // On-Line Man Computer Communication, August 1962).
, , ( , ). , .