- 1 .
- , , .
1 ( + +; +).
2 , , , .
3 : ( ), ( ), .
4 . , .
5 to be, to have , . to be, to have Indefinite.
6 . .
7 Unemployment
.
8 .
9 , , , . .
10 .
11 10-12 Youth problems.. , .
1. .
Labor force, unemployment growth, job search process, labor markets, work force, business cycles, unemployment problems, government policy, employment conditions.
2. .
criterion, company, way, case, city, category, child, man, German, plan, basis, passer-by, commander-in-chief, office, volcano, studio, grief, cliff, life, aircraft, M.P., crisis, stimulus, index.
3.
1. She doesnt agree with (my/ mine) plan.
2. (This/ these) car economizes fuel.
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3. Ann does shopping (herself/ himself).
4. Take some money with (you/ yourself).
5. (Some, somebody) companies require graduate training in economics.
6. (Nobody, no) has ever succeeded in neatly defining the scope of economics.
7. Socialist economies did not experience (some, any) success.
4. ( ).
1.English grammar is (difficult) but English pronunciation is (difficult).
2.Today the weather is (bad) than yesterday. It is (cold) today and it is raining.
3.I am trying to work(cooperatively)with the other council.
4. Her English is (perfect) now.
5. My computer isnt as (new) as my friends.
6.The debate might go (smoothly) if the speaking points were followed by a taste test.
7.Ann looks (well) than in the morning.
8. Nick is my (old) brother.
5. , (it, one). to be to have:
Am; am not; will be; are; arent; is; isnt; was; wasnt; were; werent; had; will have; have; has.
1. I remember that day. It a warm spring.
2. There many economic problems in the world.
3. They in London at that time.
4. My management skills very helpful in future.
5. I meeting at the office yesterday.
6. It illegal to sell such goods without a proper permit. We were fined.
7. One should remember that low fields better for potatoes, and the high ones better for wheat.
8. Some labor markets . more workers than there are jobs available.
9. People in a rich country healthier than those in a poor one.
6. . . .
1. newspaper /national / the /Times/ most/successful/ in /the/ Britain/ is. ( / Disjunctive question)
2. function /of /holding/ stocks/ is /a/ the /valuable. ( / Alternative question)
3. was/ episode/ not /consumption/ beginning/ this/ of/ boom/ the. ( / Disjunctive question)
4. not /of/ negotiations /the/ on/ establishment/ a /firm/ the /were/ successful /new. ( / General question)
5. economic /periods/ is/ during /unemployment/ recessions/ and/ higher/ depressions/ and/ lower /during/ of/ high/ growth/ higher. ( / Special question)
6. firm /relations/ we/ had/ business/ with/ this /stable. ( / General question)
7.
Unemployment
1 To be classified as unemployed people must satisfy two primary criteria: (a) they must have no job and (b) they must be actively seeking employment. Economists divide unemployment into a number of different categories, since defining types of unemployment more precisely sheds some light on why unemployment occurs and what can be done about it.
2 At a very basic level, unemployment can be broken down into voluntary unemployment- unemployment due to people willingly leaving previous jobs and now looking for new ones- and involuntary unemployment- unemployment due to people getting laid off or fired from their previous jobs and needing to find work elsewhere.
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3 The one type of unemployment is known as frictional unemployment. Frictional unemployment is unemployment that occurs because workers some time move from one job to another. While it may be the case that some workers find new jobs before they leave their old ones, a lot of workers leave or lose their jobs before they have other work lined up. In these cases, a worker must look around for a job that it is a good fit for her/him, and this process takes some time.
During this time, the individual is unemployed, but unemployment due to frictional unemployment is usually thought to last only short periods of time and not be specifically problematic from an economic standpoint. This is particularly true now that technology is helping both workers and companies make the job search process more efficient.
Frictional unemployment can also occur when students move into the work force for the first time, when an individual moves to a new city and needs to find work, and when women re-enter the work force after having children.
4 It's probably not surprising that unemployment is higher during recessions and depressions and lower during periods of high economic growth. Because of this, economists have coined the term cyclical unemployment to describe the unemployment associated with business cycles occurring in the economy. Cyclical unemployment occurs during recessions because, when demand for goods and services in an economy falls, some companies respond by cutting production and laying off workers rather than by reducing wages and prices. When this happens, there are more workers in an economy than there are available jobs, and unemployment is an obvious result.
As an economy recovers from a recession or depression, cyclical unemployment tends to naturally disappear.
5 There are two ways to think about structural unemployment. One way is that structural unemployment occurs because some labor markets have more workers than there are jobs available, and for some reason wages don't decrease to bring the markets into equilibrium. Another way to think about structural unemployment is that structural unemployment results when workers possess skills that aren't in high demand in the marketplace and lack skills that are in high demand. In other words, structural unemployment results when there is a mismatch with workers' skills and employers' needs.
6 Seasonal unemployment is, not surprisingly, unemployment that occurs because the demand for some workers varies widely over the course of the year. Seasonal unemployment can be thought of as a form of structural unemployment, mainly because the skills of the seasonal employees are not needed in certain labor markets for at least some part of the year. Seasonal unemployment is viewed as less problematic than regular structural unemployment, mainly because the demand for seasonal skills hasn't gone away forever and resurfaces in a fairly predictable pattern.
8. .
9. (T) (F) , .
1. An unemployed person must be willing to have a job.
2. Voluntary unemployment occurs when people willingly leave their previous jobs and look for new ones.
3. Modern technology helps both workers and companies make the job search process more efficient.
4. Structural unemployment results when workers possess skills that are in high demand in the marketplace and lack skills that arent in high demand.
5. Seasonal unemployment is viewed as less problematic because the demand for seasonal skills hasn't gone away forever.
6. Seasonal unemployment occurs because some labor markets have more workers than there are jobs available.
10. .
1. What people are called unemployed?
2. What types of unemployment do you know?
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3. What type of unemployment is the most problematic from an economic standpoint?
4. During what period of business cycle does unemployment rise?
5. What is the reason for frictional unemployment?
6. How does the change of the seasons influence the demand for workers?
11. (8-10 ) Youth problems.
