, . σ-, π- δ -.
, . , . d , .
σ , : ss -, s -, -, d d -, d s -, d . ( )
π , : -, d -, d d -, f p -, f d f f . ( )
δ‑ d- .
s σ , σ π , d σ, π δ‑ . π σ- . π σ- , . , .
-
. , , . , . - . - , ().
, . . , .
sp- . s- p- "" , 180. , sp- , .
sp 2 - . s- p- "" , 120. , sp 2 - , .
s p 3 - . s- p- "" , 10928'. , sp 3 - ,
|
|
s,p | sp | ( 180) | Be(CH3)2, HgCl2 MgBr2, 2, F2, C2H2 |
s,p,p | sp2 | ( 120) | BF3,GaCl3, InBr3,TeI3, C2H4 |
s,p,p,p | sp3 | ( 109,5) | CH4, AsCl4, TiCl4, SiCl4, GeF4 |
s,p,p,d | sp2d | oe ( 90) | Ni(CO)4, [PdCl4]2 |
s,p,p,p,d | sp3d | - ( 120 90) | PF5, PCl5, AsF5 |
s,p,p,p,d,d | sp3d2 | ( 90) | SF6, Fe(CN)63-, CoF63- |
, . , - , , . . . - -, () . . (1928).
:
-
, (, , , ) ( ). , , , .
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81
. , -. ,