13
1. . , (, ). , . , .
́ ́ , -COOH. , . . , CH3COOH 1,7510−5. - , .
, , , -, . , , . 3-2- , 3-(3)2- 2,2- .
, . , 59 , 3-(3)2- - .
( ).
| HOOCCOOH | |||
| HOOCCH2COOH | |||
| HOOC(H2)2COOH | |||
| HOOC(H2)3COOH | |||
| HOOC(H2)4COOH | |||
| HOOC(H2)5COOH | |||
| HOOC(H2)6COOH | |||
| HOOC(H2)7COOH | |||
| HOOC(H2)8COOH | |||
| - | HOOC(H2)9COOH | ||
| - | HOOC(H2)10COOH | ||
| HOOC(H2)11COOH | |||
| - | HOOC(H2)12COOH | ||
| - | HOOC(H2)13COOH | ||
| HOOC(H2)14COOH | |||
| - | HOOC(H2)15COOH | ||
| - | HOOC(H2)16COOH | ||
| - | HOOC(H2)17COOH | ||
| - | HOOC(H2)18COOH | ||
| HOOC(H2)19COOH |
. ( (VI) )[4]:
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{\displaystyle {\mathsf {RCH_{2}OH+[O]\longrightarrow \ RCOOH}}} ( , , (I)):
{\displaystyle {\mathsf {RCHO+[O]\longrightarrow \ RCOOH}}} Tl (III)[5]:{\displaystyle {\mathsf {RCCH{\xrightarrow[{Tl(NO_{3})_{3}}]{}}RCOOH}}} ( , , Mn+4 Mn+7, )[4]:
{\displaystyle {\mathsf {R^{1}CH{=}CHR^{2}{\xrightarrow[{KMnO_{4},NaIO_{4}}]{}}R^{1}COOH+R^{2}COOH}}} . . , -6- ( ) , [4][5]:
{\displaystyle {\mathsf {C_{6}H_{5}CH_{3}{\xrightarrow[{KMnO_{4}}]{}}C_{6}H_{5}COOH}}}
{\displaystyle {\mathsf {RCCl_{3}+3NaOH\longrightarrow \ RCOOH+3NaCl+H_{2}O}}}
{\displaystyle {\mathsf {R^{1}{-}COO{-}R^{2}+KOH\longrightarrow \ R^{1}{-}COOK+R^{2}{-}OH}}}
{\displaystyle {\mathsf {RCN+H_{2}O\longrightarrow \ RCONH_{2}}}}{\displaystyle {\mathsf {RCONH_{2}+H_{2}O\longrightarrow \ RCO_{2}H}}}
; , ; ( H2O2 - ); ( ).
( ):
{\displaystyle {\mathsf {RLi+CO_{2}\longrightarrow \ RCOOLi}}}
{\displaystyle {\mathsf {2RMg+2CO_{2}\longrightarrow \ (RCOO)_{2}Mg}}} [5]:
{\displaystyle {\mathsf {RR'C{=}PPh_{3}{\xrightarrow[{CO_{2}}]{}}RR'CHCOOH}}} -CH2COOH:
{\displaystyle {\mathsf {CH_{3}COOH{\xrightarrow[{LiN(CH(CH_{3})_{2})_{2}}]{}}^{-}{}CH_{2}COO^{-}{}{\xrightarrow[{RHal}]{}}RCH_{2}COOH}}}
