Monorheme
1. Considerable market research investigations are being conducted to promote the export of the country's manufactured goods.
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This sentence is monorheme.
The rheme of the English sentence being its subject (Considerable market research investigations) has been transported from the initial position to the final one in the Russian sentence.
The theme of the English sentence being the object (to promote the export of the country's manufactured goods) has been transported into the initial position of the Russian sentence.
The word order has been changed into the indirect one.
Dirheme
2. The postwar years have seen decisive advances in the study of primates such as chimpanzees and in discovery of fossils of our ancestors.
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This sentence is dirheme.
The theme of the English sentence being its subject (The postwar years) has been translated into Russian as the adverbal modifier of time.
The rheme of the English sentence being its object (decisive advances) has been translated into Russian as the subject.
The word order is indirect.
Shift of predicate
3. He became the ally of a boy named Aubrey Mills.
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In the process of translation of this sentence into Russian it has suffered shift of predicate.
The predicate of the English sentence being the predicate of state (became the ally) has been translated into Russian by means of the predicate of action ( ).
Grammatical transformations
4. Immediately there was a burst of applause from all parts of the audience. Never in my lifetime has applause done me the good that did.
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In this sentence we can observe such grammatical transformations as:
Sentence integration (combining two sentences)
Replacement
part of speech (noun a burst has been replaced with the adjective );
word forms (noun applause in singular has been replaced with the noun in plural);
type of sentence (Two simple sentences have been replaced with the complex one)
Addition (pronoun , adverb , pronoun have been added);
Omission (preposition of, definite articles the, noun audience have been omitted);
Transposition (The phrase from all parts has changed its place into the position after immediately).
The word order in the first part of the sentence is indirect, in the second one is direct.
Monorheme
1. A US-born Sumatran rhino ate leaves and wallowed in mud at an Indonesian sanctuary.
2. A suicide truck bomb packed with 500 litres of ammonium nitrate exploded on Thursday at a petrol station
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3. Turkeys president has threatened to tear up a landmark deal to stem the flow of refugees into Europe a day after the European parliament urged governments to freeze EU accession talks with Ankara.
Dirheme
1. Tokyo sees first November snow in more than 50 years.
2. Brussels has also repeatedly criticised a crackdown in recent weeks on media outlets and Kurdish politicians, saying the campaign raised questions about Turkeys commitment to EU values.
3. Three successive years of failed rains have left the island nation wrestling with crop failure and a chronic lack of food and clean drinking water.
4. The snow caused minor train delays during the morning commute.
5. The severe drought afflicting southern Madagascar has left 330,000 people on the brink of famine.
6. The statement said the countries are deeply concerned about the continuing erosion of the rules-based European security order, and see an urgent need to relaunch conventional arms treaty talks through a new structured dialogue.
7. Syrians would still be allowed to enter Germany, but only for one year and with subsidiary protection that limits their rights as refugees.
Shift of predicate
- While Germanys foreign ministry, whose cultural ambassadors have been active behind the scenes has signalled it is prepared to be patient, Hermann Parzinger, president of the SPK said the Iranians needed to solve the impasse soon.
- The apparent refusal of Iranian authorities to release the collection has been met with disappointment and bewilderment in Berlin, where cultural heads and diplomats had been working to pull off the deal for years.
- We should be clear that the men and women in the agencies and police work tirelessly to ensure our greatest freedom, that of life itself.
- This week Canada joined the growing list of major developed countries saying they will phase out coal power.
- The government has come up with the idea as a way of fulfilling a commitment that it will allow UK parliamentarians the same level of access to Brexit negotiating documents as MEPs in Brussels.
- Iranians are experts at driving a hard bargain, famous for haggling with shopkeepers even when sales are not on offer.
Grammatical transformations
- Netanyahu was a chief critic of the deal and lobbied Republicans in Congress to oppose its implementation.
- Craigs whereabouts could not immediately be determined and it was unclear whether he had hired a lawyer.
- The EU and Turkey negotiated a deal in March of this year that halted the influx of refugees, particularly from Syria, into Europe in exchange for economic aid and a promise to grant visa-free travel to Turkish citizens within the Schengen zone.
- Canadas Liberal government is poised to restore the voting rights of expatriates who have lived outside the country for five or more consecutive years.
