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1 . .
AMD
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) is a manufacturer of integrated circuits located in Sunnyvale, California. It is the second-largest supplier of x86-compatible processors. It was founded in 1969 by a group of defectors from Fairchild Semiconductor. AMD's current president and CEO is Dr. Hector Ruiz.
AMD is best known for the Athlon, Opteron, Turion64, Sempron and Duron lines of x86-compatible processors. Their more general components have been found in early and current Apple computers and numerous other electronic devices.
The company started as a producer of logic chips in 1969, and then entered the RAM chip business in 1975. That same year, it introduced a clone of the Intel 8080 microprocessor. During this period, AMD also designed and produced a series of bit-slice processor elements such as Am2900, Am29116, Am293xx which were used in various minicomputer designs.
Later AMD decided to switch gears and concentrate solely on Intel-compatible microprocessors and flash memory. In February 1982, AMD signed a contract with Intel, becoming a licensed second-source manufacturer of the 8086 and 8088 processors. This put them in direct competition with Intel for x86 compatible processors and their flash memory secondary markets.
AMD produced the 80286, or 286, under the same arrangement, but then Intel cancelled the agreement in 1986, and refused to hand over technical details of the i386 part. Jerry Sanders could have closed the company and retired at this point; instead in 1991 AMD released the Am386, its clone of the later Intel 80386 processor. It took less than a year for AMD to sell a million units. And AMD's 386DX-40 was very popular. AMD followed in 1993 with the Am486. Both sold at a significantly lower price than the Intel versions.
The same time AMD challenged the decision to cancel the agreement, and subsequently won under arbitration. A long process of legal dispute followed, that ended in 1991, when the Supreme Court of California finally sided with AMD, and forced Intel to pay over $ 1 billion in compensation for violation of contract.
But on December 30, 1994 the Supreme Court of alifornia finally formally denied AMD rights to use the i386's microcode. Afterwards AMD and Intel concluded an agreement, the details of which remain largely secret, which gave AMD the right to produce and sell microprocessors containing the macrocodes of Intel 286, 386, and 486.
But Intel keeps locking AMD processors out of the global market.
Vocabulary:
Manufacturer - , .
Integrated circuit - .
Supplier - .
X86-compatible processor - 8086.
Defector- .
CEO - .
Logic chip - .
To switch gears - .
Cancel - , .
Questions:
1 What is AMD?
2 When was AMD founded?
3 Who is current president and CEO of AMD?
4 When did AMD sign a contract with Intel?
2 . a, an, the, . .
1) Yesterday I saw new film, but film wasn`t very interesting.
2) Open door, please. I am going to Academy
3) I decided to visit Ivanov`s, but they were not at home
4) United States of America is one of most powerful countries of world
5) She has 2 daughters and one son.
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3 . .
- time, water, machine, man, library, student, knowledge, foot, engineer, language.
4 , . .
1) Winter is (cold) season of the year.
2) Your English is (good) now.
3) Today you work (slowly) than usually.
4) Can you name (cheap) way of communication.
5) We can`t buy (expensive) device.
5 , : , , , , .
1) Learn, different, students, our, subjects.
2) Have, two, we, laboratory, buildings.
6 . , -s, .. :
) 3- Present Simple Tense.
) .
) .
.
1) Oxygen combines directly with nearly all elements.
2) Polythene cables have numerous advantages.
3) V. V. Petrov is M. V. Lomonosov`s follower.
2
1 . .
IBM
International Business Machines Corporation is headquartered in Armonk, NY, USA. The company manufactures and sells computer hardware, software, and services. It is in operation since 1888. IBM's history dates back decades before the development of electronic computers before that it developed punched card data processing equipment. It originated as the Computing Tabulating Recording (CTR) Corporation, which was incorporated on June 15, 1911 in Binghamton, New York. Thomas Watson Sr., the founder of IBM, became General Manager of CTR in 1914 and President in 1915. In 1917, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company entered the Canadian market under the name of International Business Machines Co., Limited. On February 14, 1924, CTR changed its name to International Business Machines Corporation.
In the 1950s, IBM became a chief contractor for developing computers for the United States Air Force's automated defense systems.
IBM was the largest of the eight major computer companies through the 1960s.
IBM had over 330,000 employees worldwide and revenues of $96 billion in 2004. IBM is the largest information technology company in the world, and one of the few with a continuous history dating back to the 19th century. It has engineers and consultants in over 170 countries and development laboratories located all over the world, in all segments of computer science and information technology. As of 2005 it employs about 195,000 technical professionals. IBM Research has eight laboratories, all located in the Northern Hemisphere. IBM employees have won five Nobel Prizes.
In 2004, IBM announced the proposed sale of its PC business to Chinese computer maker Lenovo, which is partially owned by the Chinese government, for USD650 million in cash and USD600 million in Lenovo stock. The deal was approved in March 2005, and completed in May 2005.
Vocabulary:
To headquarter - , -.
Hardware - .
Software - .
Punched card - .
Data processing equipment - .
Automated defense system - .
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Stock - , .
Deal - , .
In cash - .
Revenue - , .
Questions:
1. Where is IBM headquartered?
2. Who is founder of IBM?
3. How many employees worldwide worked in the company in 2004?
4. When was IBM sold to Chinese computer maker Lenovo?
2 . a, an, the, . .
1) Lomonosov, great Russian scientist, was born in small village on shore of White Sea.
2) What strange man, he is!
3) What would you like: apple or orange?
4) English was my favorite subject at school.
5) Peter` brother is student and we are workers.
3 .
- formula, sheep, shelf, lady, child, life, index, information, dormitory, book.
4 , . .
1) New communication means transmit massages (fast) than old ones.
2) The exam was (easy) than we expected.
3) You should work at your English (serious) to get a good mark at the exam.
4) Even (long) day has an end.
5) It is one of (important) question of our conference.
5 , : , , , , .
1) Engineers, with, in, industry, work, only, also, people, not, machines, but, with.
2) Sound, transmission, digital radio, reception, is, and, of, the.
6 . , , s-, :
) 3- Present Simple Tense.
) .
) .
.
1) Modern energy requirements are very high.
2) A cable consists of a number of wires.
Student`s task is to choose the right answer.
3.
1 . .
The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation x86 architecture microprocessor by Intel originally intended to replace the original Pentium in a full range of applications, but later reduced to a narrower role as a server and high-end desktop chip. It was introduced using an enormous rectangular Socket 8 form factor in November 1995. Intel has discontinued it in favor of the newer high-end Xeon processor lines.
Despite the name, the Pentium Pro is actually quite different from Intel's earlier Pentium processor, being based on the then-new P6 core which in a modified form would later be used for the Pentium II, Pentium III and Pentium M.
The Pentium Pro had a 256K-512K cache at introduction, with a 1 MB version introduced later. All versions of the chip were expensive, those with more than 256K being particularly so.
Following discussions of future product planning with Microsoft, Intel made the design decision to optimize the Pentium Pro for 32-bit code. In consequence it performed poorly on 16-bit code, and when Windows 95 turned out to be largely 16-bit, the Pro was not well positioned to compete in the desktop market. Introduced as a high-end server and workstation chip for the 32-bit Windows NT and UNIX operating systems, it was then destined to stay within that market rather than migrate onto the home desktop.
Intel filled the gap with an improvement to the older Pentium Classic design called the Pentium MMX.
The Pentium Pro clock speeds were 150,166, 200 MHz with a 60 or 66 MHz external bus clock.
The Pentium Pro was succeeded by the Pentium II, which was essentially a cost-reduced and re-branded Pentium Pro and enhanced 16-bit code performance.
Vocabulary:
X86 architecture microprocessor 8086
Range - , .
Application - , .
High-end desktop - ,
.
Socket -, .
Xeon - , .
Core - .
Cache - , .
MB - .
32-bit code - 32- .
Desktop market - .
High-end server - ,
.
Clock speed - .
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External bus clock - .
Questions:
1. What is the Pentium Pro?
2. When was the Pentium Pro introduced to the public fist?
3. What was the main purpose of Pentium Pro creation?
4. Did the Pentium Pro have cache?
2 . a, an, the, . .
1) He works as engineer. Mike is highly qualified engineer.
2) Did you write plan? Give me your plan, please. Is this plan effective?
3) She is teacher. She is our teacher of English.
4) Gagarin was first man to fly over Earth in spaceship.)
5) London is situated on Thames.
3 . .
-machine, part, man, idea, mouse, goose, temperature, molecule, lecture, institute.
4 , . .
1) The Earth is (big) than Moon.
2) We can`t buy (expensive) device.
3) I don`t think we`.
5 , : , , , , .
1) Materials, are, insulating, plastic, materials, new, relatively.
2) Advantages have, cables, numerous, polythene.
6 . , , s, :
) 3- Present Simple Tense.
) .
) .
1) The receiver includes a telephone and a microphone.
2) Sound waves produce oscillations of the same frequency as those of the sounding body.
The scientist`s investigation helped him to win the grand.
4.
1. . .
Sempron.
Sempron is AMD's newest low-end CPU, replacing the Duron processor and competing against Intel's Celeron D processor.
AMD coined the name from the Latin simper, which means. always/everyday.
The first Semprons were based on the Athlon XP architecture using the Thoroughbred/Thorton core. These models were equipped with the Socket-A interface, a 256 KB L2-Cache, and 166 MHz bus (FSB 333). Later, AMD introduced the Sempron 3300+, based on the Barton core with 512 KB L2-cache, because the production of all Socket-A Semprons was ceased by AMD.
The current production models with Paris/Palermo core are based on the architecture of the Athlon 64. Differences with Athlon64 processors include a reduced cache size, either 128 or 256 KBL2, the Hyper Transport bus, and AMD's NXbit feature.
In the second half of 2005, AMD began shipments of the I lompron 64. The Sempron 64 will replace the older non-AMD64 Sempron in AMD's Sempron product-line.
Vocabulary:
Advanced Micro Devices AMD .
Low-end CPU -, .
Core - .
to equip - , .
Socket - , .
Interface - , .
L2Cache - 2- .
Bus - .
To cease - , .
Current - .
Feature - , , , .
Questions:
1. What is Sempron?
2. What is the main purpose of Sempron production?
3. What does the name Sempron mean?
4. What are the difference between Sempron and Athlon 64?
2 . a, an, the, . .
1) Computer engineering is general field.
2) Well go to our institute next week.
3) Her son is student. He studies at our institute.
4) During the year we installed new accounting system.
5) new plant opens on February 1.
3 . .
month, engine, method, education, woman, deer, city, watch, position, examination.
4 , . .
1) Which is (good) model of mobile phone.
2) What is (large) city in Russia.
3) Can you name (cheap) way of communication?
4) Today we have received (little) cables, than usually.
5) Who knows him (well) than you?
5 , : , , , , .
1) Co-axial, advantages, disadvantages, the, both, has, and.
) 3- Present Simple Tense.
) .
2) Circuit, there, no, the, electricity, is, in.
6 . , , s, :
) 3- Present Simple Tense.
) .
) .
1) Becquerel`s discovery was followed by an intensive research work of Marie and Pierre Curie.
2) Radio communication is the transfer of high frequency energy from the transmitter to the receiver without wires.
3) Which device produces high- frequency energy?
5.
1 . .
ATHLON 64
The Athlon 64 codenamed ClawHammer, Newcastle, Winchester, Venice, and San Diego represents AMD's entry into the consumer 64-bit microprocessor market. It was firstly released on September 23, 2003. This processor is based on the AMD64 architecture. It is AMD's first eighth generation processor core for desktop and mobile computers. Turion 64 is an example of AMD processor for mobile computers. It intended to compete with Intel's Pentium M. It is equipped with 512 or 1024 KB of L2 cache.
There are three variants: Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, and the dual-core Athlon 64 X2.
The Athlon 64 X2 is a processor consisting of two Athlon 64 cores joined together on one die.
The main benefit of dual core processors like the X2 is their ability to process more software threads at the same time.
Such processors are efficient with programs written with multiple threads and capable of utilizing dual cores include many music and video encoding applications, and especially professional rendering programs.
Having two cores, the Athlon 64 X2 has an increased number of transistors. The 1 MB L2 cache X2 processor has 233.2 million transistors here as its Athlon 64 counterpart has only 114 million transistors.
Vocabulary:
To codename - .
Entry - , .
Consumer - .
64-bit microprocessor market - 64- .
Processor core - .
Desktop computer - .
Mobile computer - .
To compete - .
KB - .
L2cache - 2- .
Dual-core - .
Die - .
Software - .
Questions:
1. What models of the Athlon 64 do you know?
2. When was the Athlon 64 released firstly?
3. How many variants of Athlon are there?
4. What is the vain benefit of dual core processors?
2 . a, an, the, . .
1) I got letter from my friend. letter was interesting.
2) child can understand that.
3) Do you know this engineer, who was with Tom at lecture?
4) studding at our institute gives solid background in all spheres of knowledge and prepares for practical work.
5) course of study at my academy lasts 5 years.
3 . .
- test, equipment, toy, ox, money, plant, construction, system, current,
- wave.
-
4 , . .
1) Which is (long) day of the year?
2) We have (little) interest in this work than you.
3) Nowadays (expensive) way of communication is by videoconference.
4) Health is (good) than wealth.
5) I have (little) work now and I shall be able to study (much).
5 . : , , , , .
1) the, wires, not, are, copper, made, of, always.
2) color, is, reception, of, full, television, color, image, in, and.
6 . , -s, .. :
) 3- Present Simple Tense.
) .
) .
.
1) The device consists of coils, a magnet and a diaphragm.
2) The diaphragm begins to oscillate.
The is Mike`s institute.
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