- , , ( , , ).
, :
1.:
1.1. ()
1.1.1. ():
1.1.1.1. ( )
1.1.1.2. ()
1.1.2. , ,
1.2. ():
1.2.1. :
1.2.1.1. ;
1.2.1.2.
1.2.2. .
2. ()
2.1.
2.2. ()
2.3. ( TOCTTOU)
2.4. /
2.5.
2.6.
-
1. :
1.1. (brute force)
1.2.
1.3.
2. :
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3. HTTP-
:
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
2.
3.
-
Web-:
1.
2. ,
3.
:
1. :
1.1. ,
2. :
2.1.
2.2. /
2.3.
3. :
3.1. ,
3.2.
3.3.
4.
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9. , , TCP/IP
Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol .
TCP/IP 1973 .
, TCP/IP.
TCP/IP 4 : , , .
TCP/IP
7 - : FTP, SNMP, Telnet
6 - .
5
4 - : TCP, UDP
3 - .-: IP, ICMP,BGP,EGP, ISIS,OSPF
2 - : X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, SDH ..
1 - : X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, SDH ..
IP-:
TCP/IP , TCP/IP. - IP-.
IP- , , X.25, Frame Relay, ATM ..
IP-:
, 2 ;
, .
, . , , .
IP- 2 TCP/IP:
-
- - , , .
10. TCP/IP
. IP-:
1) () . IP , TCP/IP.
2) IP- IP-, .
3) ICMP, , IP-, () IP-.
ICMP IP-.
4) IP- , IP-. , , OSPF (open shortest path first), ISIS(intermediate system to intermediate system), BGP (Border gateway protocol) EGP (exterior gateway protocol) . , , IP-.
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|
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11. TCP/IP
, , IP-.
IP-
| (4 ) | (4 ) | (8 ) | (16 ) |
| (16 ) | (3 ) | (13 ) | |
| (8 ) | (8 ) | (16 ) | |
| (32 ) | |||
| (32 ) | |||
| ( ) | ( ) | ||
| ( ) |
:
IPv6 6.
(QoS, ).
, .
( IP- ).
(. IPv6 extension), . Next header (TCP, UDP . .) .
, .
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol):
ICMP, IP-, , IP-.
ICMP IP-.
ICMP-:
LAPB .25. , LAPB , SDLC HDLC. , LAPB .
