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- , , .

-- , . (). . , . , -- , , -- , , -, , . . , : , . . , . ( ), , .

, , . , -- , . , , , . , (, ), . , . , , : (Common Case) (Possessive Case). - , . , , : ( ) ( -'s).

(The Case), .

. 4 : ; ; ; - . , .. .

, , .. . , . :

to a man - ;

by a man - ;

in a man - .

. 2- : . .

(.., .., .. ). , . , , - . , / . , , , , . : , .

, . , . , , , : , , . , , , ' s. , , - , ' s. "". , , : , , , , , - . : , , , .

(The Nominative Case), .

. . " , , , , . , , , , . , , "

, .

6 : , , , , . , , .. , . 2 : . , . 5 : , , , , . . , , .. .

- "" (common case) , "", "" (possesive case) - `s. - , . . - , .

- the father

- of the father

- to the father

- the father

- by the father

- about the father

:

student - students -

man - men -

I am a student. I have a friend. My friend is a student too. We are a students.

. . . .

, , , , :

The student answered well. () .

The teacher asked the student about his work. () () .

, , . , , , . . gave a book Paul's son! , ; , I gave it him - " ", . , it , , . : The man gave his son a book - " " son , , :

I asked the boy a few questions - ;

I heard the boy his lessons - ;

I took the boy long walks - ;

I painted the wall a different colour - ;

I called the boy bad names - ;

I called the boy a scoundrel - .

, , , .

, , . -- : -, " ; .

They made Brown Mayor - ,

They appointed Kirkman professor - ;

-, "" , , He was awarded a medal - .

, , .

, . -- . , , , . , , , , : ... , ". . ; ., , : of towne, yeer by yere, by weste ., -e . : . . alive " (on life), Atterbury (t re byrig), . . (by) inchmeal, on foot "; on foten, on fote on fotum, , , They are on foot - .

, , ; -- ( ), -- , , . , (him, kings, king), , , , , .

, . . asked me a question " , question, , , .-. ascian ; " teach him French" - " " , him -- , , teach , . , , . doceo . lehren; : - , use " , . utor.

, , . , -, , , Forgive us our trespasses - . Forgive us, , us ? , him " I paid him", , ? , , , I paid him a shilling - ? , , . , , . , , him hit him a blow- ( ), a blow -- ( ), , him -- ( ), a blow -- (" ")?

him Hit him ( a blow) , , , him -- , , ". " , - . Near him -- . ? , him to him, from him . , , ; near, ? He blew his pipe three times " -- , ? ( .) , . ; .

. , , , , , , . Modern Language Teaching", , 1915, , , , , , , . " . , 1586 , (Bullokar) , How, John, Robert gives Richard a shirt John , Robert -- , shirt -- , a Richard -- , . . , . 1920 . ( -- 1619 ., -- 1622 .), . , , " . , (William Hazlitt), (Cobbett) , , (Lindley Murray), , "" ", , ", " -- . , ? , - , " ; , . .? . , , , .

, : , ; ; , -- . , , , . , . , , - , , -- , , . , Julio do Julio librum cum Julio, Julia : do Juliae librum, cum Julia. Templum , -- , domus, -- domum. cut I cut my finger yesterday, . : , , , , , . , , , , -- .

, , - ; , , - , . , , , . , , , , ?

. , ". , , . , , -- , . . , , . , , -- ".

, (es ist im Grunde reine Willkr) ( ) ", , , , . ; , . , . , : , . , ("), , , -- . , , .

, , - , . " , : Romam ire " Rornam petere, -- , , -- Rornam linquere ". . , ", , , - . , -- () . , , .

. ( III, ): , , , , , , -- . , ; , ; , , , , , . , ? , ?

. . , , . , , , , /, ( ).

, " ", - "".

, : " ?"

, , , , . , . , -- , . , , , . , (, ), . , . , , : (Common Case) (Possessive Case), , 4.

, , .

1 (? ?). , , :

The student asked the teacher.

.

2 (? ?). ., , :

The teacher asked the student.

.

3 (? ?). , , :

The teacher showed the student a book.

.

, , . :

1 (? ?) - of [qv], from [frqm]. :

He had received a letter from his girl-friend.

.

of , , , , () -:

The leg of the table is broken.

.

the voice of the girl

a dress of blue silk

a bottle of milk

2 (? ?) - to [tq], for [fq]. :

I gave the ticket to my sister.

.

He bought a ball for his son.

.

3 (? ?) - by [baI], with [wID]. by , :

America was discovered by Columbus.

.

by plane -

with , , :

The child usually eats with this spoon.

.

to cut with a knife-

4 ( ? ?) - about [q'baut], of [qv]. :

They told us about the exhibition.

.

She spoke of literature and music.

.

, , -`s - s` :

 
 
Brother Brother's (? ?)  
Brothers Brothers' (? ?)  
Worker Worker's (? ?)  
Workers Workers' (? ?)  
           

- . :

Mr. Ford ' s cars. - , .

The cars of Ford. - , .

Ann ' s photo. - , , .

The foto of Ann. - , , .

Tolstoy ' s books - ( )

The books by Tolstoy - ( )

, .

:

The Prime Minister of England's residence. - - .

:

The Earth's rotation. - .

Marx ' s works. - .

:

Woker ' s parties - .

Today ' s level - .

, :

:you friend ' s name - ;

: the dog ' s head - ;

. : a month ' s term - ;

, , , :

Great Britain's territory - .

, , ,

.

, - `s (-s') , - `s (-s') ? ? ?

Jack ' s room - (?) .

, :

:

Ivanov's pen - .

, , ..:

George Byron's poems -

, , :

The doctor's arrival -

The old woman's story -

The ship's departure - .

, (1), .. (2), , (??).

(1) (2)

The work advanced well. - .

, (3), .. (2), , , (??).

(2) (3)

He stopped the car. - .

, (2) (3), , (??).

(2) (3) (3)

The teacher showed the student the map. - .

, , .. , .

The answer of the student was excellent. - (?) .

I covered the drawing with a sheet of paper. - (?) .

, . . , . : the boy ' s room the boys ' room. , his mother ' s voice, the boys ' heads, . boy ' s, boys, boys '. - men ' s,children ' s, , children - . . (The Possessive Case) , - . , - :

my son's birthday

the book's name .

- ' -s, , , -s, .

, the Earth, the Moon, the Sun, a ship, ", , " .

, : the children's toys - (?) the parents' consent - (?) the girl's story - (?) ; , : sheep's eyes - , soldiers' uniform - a mile's distance - . , , , , , " of " . . . . -- -- . , -'s, , , .

-, ; , , : the girl's voice, the dog's bark. : the car's roof, the door's support. : *his action's result.

-, : , (it was not my idea, it was Tom's); -- , : an idea of Tom's, this idea of Tom's.

-, : . , , : . the boy's room the boys' room. , . . , his mother's voice, the boys' heads, . boy's, boys, boys'. -- men's, children's, , children -- . .

, . . , ; -'s , -- John and Tom's room, the Prime Minister of England's speech, -- , : somebody else's car.

-- . , -- . , , (" "). : , , - . , : friend's arrival, Shakespeare's sonnets, Ibsen's plays.

; , : the Shakespeare National Theatre, the Ibsen manner.

, ; , , : . the car's roof ' ' the car roof ' () '.

, . . . , , , .

, , . . , , , , ( and Harry's room), , : , , , , , , : the children's voices.

"" ; , , , o, , . , .

, , , . Ÿ ; . , , .

?, . , . , , .

, . , , .

, , : children's note-book , , cat's tail .

.

, , , , :

1) : , , ;

2) : ;

3) : .

. . , . , : , , . , , . . - , , .

, , , .





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