- , , .
-- , . (). . , . , -- , , -- , , -, , . . , : , . . , . ( ), , .
, , . , -- , . , , , . , (, ), . , . , , : (Common Case) (Possessive Case). - , . , , : ( ) ( -'s).
(The Case), .
. 4 : ; ; ; - . , .. .
, , .. . , . :
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to a man - ;
by a man - ;
in a man - .
. 2- : . .
(.., .., .. ). , . , , - . , / . , , , , . : , .
, . , . , , , : , , . , , , ' s. , , - , ' s. "". , , : , , , , , - . : , , , .
(The Nominative Case), .
. . " , , , , . , , , , . , , "
, .
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6 : , , , , . , , .. , . 2 : . , . 5 : , , , , . . , , .. .
- "" (common case) , "", "" (possesive case) - `s. - , . . - , .
- the father
- of the father
- to the father
- the father
- by the father
- about the father
:
student - students -
man - men -
I am a student. I have a friend. My friend is a student too. We are a students.
. . . .
, , , , :
The student answered well. () .
The teacher asked the student about his work. () () .
, , . , , , . . gave a book Paul's son! , ; , I gave it him - " ", . , it , , . : The man gave his son a book - " " son , , :
I asked the boy a few questions - ;
I heard the boy his lessons - ;
I took the boy long walks - ;
I painted the wall a different colour - ;
I called the boy bad names - ;
I called the boy a scoundrel - .
, , , .
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, , . -- : -, " ; .
They made Brown Mayor - ,
They appointed Kirkman professor - ;
-, "" , , He was awarded a medal - .
, , .
, . -- . , , , . , , , , : ... , ". . ; ., , : of towne, yeer by yere, by weste ., -e . : . . alive " (on life), Atterbury (t re byrig), . . (by) inchmeal, on foot "; on foten, on fote on fotum, , , They are on foot - .
, , ; -- ( ), -- , , . , (him, kings, king), , , , , .
, . . asked me a question " , question, , , .-. ascian ; " teach him French" - " " , him -- , , teach , . , , . doceo . lehren; : - , use " , . utor.
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, , . , -, , , Forgive us our trespasses - . Forgive us, , us ? , him " I paid him", , ? , , , I paid him a shilling - ? , , . , , . , , him hit him a blow- ( ), a blow -- ( ), , him -- ( ), a blow -- (" ")?
him Hit him ( a blow) , , , him -- , , ". " , - . Near him -- . ? , him to him, from him . , , ; near, ? He blew his pipe three times " -- , ? ( .) , . ; .
. , , , , , , . Modern Language Teaching", , 1915, , , , , , , . " . , 1586 , (Bullokar) , How, John, Robert gives Richard a shirt John , Robert -- , shirt -- , a Richard -- , . . , . 1920 . ( -- 1619 ., -- 1622 .), . , , " . , (William Hazlitt), (Cobbett) , , (Lindley Murray), , "" ", , ", " -- . , ? , - , " ; , . .? . , , , .
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, : , ; ; , -- . , , , . , . , , - , , -- , , . , Julio do Julio librum cum Julio, Julia : do Juliae librum, cum Julia. Templum , -- , domus, -- domum. cut I cut my finger yesterday, . : , , , , , . , , , , -- .
, , - ; , , - , . , , , . , , , , ?
. , ". , , . , , -- , . . , , . , , -- ".
, (es ist im Grunde reine Willkr) ( ) ", , , , . ; , . , . , : , . , ("), , , -- . , , .
, , - , . " , : Romam ire " Rornam petere, -- , , -- Rornam linquere ". . , ", , , - . , -- () . , , .
. ( III, ): , , , , , , -- . , ; , ; , , , , , . , ? , ?
. . , , . , , , , /, ( ).
, " ", - "".
, : " ?"
, , , , . , . , -- , . , , , . , (, ), . , . , , : (Common Case) (Possessive Case), , 4.
, , .
1 (? ?). , , :
The student asked the teacher.
.
2 (? ?). ., , :
The teacher asked the student.
.
3 (? ?). , , :
The teacher showed the student a book.
.
, , . :
1 (? ?) - of [qv], from [frqm]. :
He had received a letter from his girl-friend.
.
of , , , , () -:
The leg of the table is broken.
.
the voice of the girl
a dress of blue silk
a bottle of milk
2 (? ?) - to [tq], for [fq]. :
I gave the ticket to my sister.
.
He bought a ball for his son.
.
3 (? ?) - by [baI], with [wID]. by , :
America was discovered by Columbus.
.
by plane -
with , , :
The child usually eats with this spoon.
.
to cut with a knife-
4 ( ? ?) - about [q'baut], of [qv]. :
They told us about the exhibition.
.
She spoke of literature and music.
.
, , -`s - s` :
Brother | Brother's | (? ?) | |||
Brothers | Brothers' | (? ?) | |||
Worker | Worker's | (? ?) | |||
Workers | Workers' | (? ?) | |||
- . :
Mr. Ford ' s cars. - , .
The cars of Ford. - , .
Ann ' s photo. - , , .
The foto of Ann. - , , .
Tolstoy ' s books - ( )
The books by Tolstoy - ( )
, .
:
The Prime Minister of England's residence. - - .
:
The Earth's rotation. - .
Marx ' s works. - .
:
Woker ' s parties - .
Today ' s level - .
, :
:you friend ' s name - ;
: the dog ' s head - ;
. : a month ' s term - ;
, , , :
Great Britain's territory - .
, , ,
.
, - `s (-s') , - `s (-s') ? ? ?
Jack ' s room - (?) .
, :
:
Ivanov's pen - .
, , ..:
George Byron's poems -
, , :
The doctor's arrival -
The old woman's story -
The ship's departure - .
, (1), .. (2), , (??).
(1) (2)
The work advanced well. - .
, (3), .. (2), , , (??).
(2) (3)
He stopped the car. - .
, (2) (3), , (??).
(2) (3) (3)
The teacher showed the student the map. - .
, , .. , .
The answer of the student was excellent. - (?) .
I covered the drawing with a sheet of paper. - (?) .
, . . , . : the boy ' s room the boys ' room. , his mother ' s voice, the boys ' heads, . boy ' s, boys, boys '. - men ' s,children ' s, , children - . . (The Possessive Case) , - . , - :
my son's birthday
the book's name .
- ' -s, , , -s, .
, the Earth, the Moon, the Sun, a ship, ", , " .
, : the children's toys - (?) the parents' consent - (?) the girl's story - (?) ; , : sheep's eyes - , soldiers' uniform - a mile's distance - . , , , , , " of " . . . . -- -- . , -'s, , , .
-, ; , , : the girl's voice, the dog's bark. : the car's roof, the door's support. : *his action's result.
-, : , (it was not my idea, it was Tom's); -- , : an idea of Tom's, this idea of Tom's.
-, : . , , : . the boy's room the boys' room. , . . , his mother's voice, the boys' heads, . boy's, boys, boys'. -- men's, children's, , children -- . .
, . . , ; -'s , -- John and Tom's room, the Prime Minister of England's speech, -- , : somebody else's car.
-- . , -- . , , (" "). : , , - . , : friend's arrival, Shakespeare's sonnets, Ibsen's plays.
; , : the Shakespeare National Theatre, the Ibsen manner.
, ; , , : . the car's roof ' ' the car roof ' () '.
, . . . , , , .
, , . . , , , , ( and Harry's room), , : , , , , , , : the children's voices.
"" ; , , , o, , . , .
, , , . Ÿ ; . , , .
?, . , . , , .
, . , , .
, , : children's note-book , , cat's tail .
.
, , , , :
1) : , , ;
2) : ;
3) : .
. . , . , : , , . , , . . - , , .
, , , .