.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





. , .

:

y = kx + b. (3)

k . .

: x = a.

:

Ax + By + C = 0. (4)

. , , , .

:

. (5)

b . , .

, M 1(x 1, y 1) M 1(x 2, y 2):

. (6)

0. , 0 ( ).

, M (x 0, y 0) k:

y y 0 = k (x x 0). (7)

:

. (8)

M (x 0, y 0) , , (m, n) , .

.

.

.

k 1 k 2. j

. (9)

k 1 k 2:

k 1 k 2 = 1. (10)

k 1 k 2:

k 1 = k 2 . (11)

M (x 0, y 0) Ax + By + C = 0:

. (12)

(x 1, y 1), (x 2, y 2), (x 3, y 3):

. (13)

1.4.2. (3; 1), (2; 3), (1; 2). ) ; ) ; ) , ;
) , ; ) ; ) ; ) .

. ) (6):

;

;

2 x 6 = 5 y + 5;

2 x + 5 y 11 = 0 .

) , ) (3):

.

. , :

;

3 x + 9 = 2 y + 2;

3 x 2 y 7 = 0;

;

.

(9)

.

) k 3 (10): k 1 k 3 = 1, ). . (7):

y (2) = ;

2 y + 4 = 5 x 5;

5 x 2 y 9 = 0.

) (11), , , . (7)

y (2) = ;

5 y + 10 = 2 x + 2;

2 x + 5 y + 8 = 0.

) (1):

.

) (12) ):

.

) (13):

.

1.5.1. , (2; 0) (0; 3).

1.5.2. (2; 1), (1; 3), (2; 3). ) ; ) ; ) , ; ) , ; ) ; ) ; ) .

, , . , 0 x, 0 y, 0 z, , , .

, .

= (a1, a2, a3) : = a1 + a2 + a3 .

, , ; .

.

= (a, b, c) A (x 1, y 1, z 1), B (x 2, y 2, z 2) : x 2 = x 1 + a, y 2 = y 1 + b, z 2 = z 1 + c. .

1.6.1. D ABCD, (2, 1, 1), (4, 2, 0), (3, 1, 2).

. ABCD ( ), , . ,

= = (3 4, 1 2, 2 0) = (7, 1, 2),

D (2 7, 1 1, 1 2), D (5, 2, 1).

:

= cosa, (1)

a .

:

1. = .

2. = .

3. = .

4. .

5. : .

6. = (a 1, a 2, a 3), = (b 1, b 2, b 3) = a 1 b 1 + a 2 b 2 + a 3 b 3. .

1.6.2. a = (2, 1, 3), = (3, 2, 2).

. (1) cosa = ;

= = 2;

;

;

cosa = .

1.6.3. , (2, 1, 3), (3, 2, 2), (0, 3, 1).

. , a .

= (3 2, 2 (1), 2 3) = (1, 3, 5);

= (0 2, 3 (1), 1 3) = (2, 4, 2).

cosa , 1.6.2:

= 2 + 12 + 10 = 20;

; ;

cosa = ;

;

.

. sina , .

, , , . . .

, . , .

= ´ , :

(a) , a ;

(b) , ;

(c) , , .

:

1. ´ = ´ ().

2. = .

3. = .

4. : .

5. .

6. : , , : .

7. = (a 1, a 2, a 3), = (b 1, b 2, b 3), , .

1.6.4. = (2, 1, 3),
= (3, 2, 2).

. (7)

=

= (2 6) (4 9) + (4 + 3) = 4 + 13 + 7 = (4, 13, 7).

1.6.5. ABCD, A (3, 2, 0), C (2, 1, 2) D (1, 3, 4).

. ABCD , , . A, C, D, ( , ):

= (3 1, 2 3, 0 + 4) = (2, 1, 4);

= (2 1, 1 3, 2 + 4) = (1, 4, 6);

= (10, 8, 7);

.

, , ( ´ ) .





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