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. 2.




2.

1.1

f 0 , 0 , , 0 . f 0 . , , .

. (.. ), f 0.

f 0 .

,

,

.

. . S(t) , t= 0 t > 0. , t0 t, 0 < < t0 < t, S(t) - S(t0). t0 t, - t0 . , t0 . , y = f(x), =0.

-0 0 , h: - 0 = = h. f(x) f(x0) f 0 , (h). = =0 + = 0 + h,

= ,. = ,

:

= , == .

 

, .

.

1. 0, 0 , : , 0 = = 0; = 0, .. = 0.

2. f(x) = a , a> 0, a ≠ 1. , 0 - - . : (h) = f(x0+h) f(x0) = a - a = = a (a - 1). , = = a = a lna.

3. f(x) = cosx, a 0 - . (h) = cos(x0+h) - cosx0 = -2 sin(x0+ sin . :

= = - sin(x0+ = - sinx0 .

4. f(x) = sinx, a 0 - . (h) = sin(x0+h) - sinx0 = 2 cos(x0+ sin . :

= = cos(x0+ = cosx0 .

5. f(x) = , μ , 0 > 0. : (h) = f(x0+h) f(x0) = (0+h) - 0 = 0 . :

= = 0 = μ 0 .

. μ , f(x) = x (, μ ), , , x0 < 0: = μ 0 .

.

6. f(x) = . , 5 x0 0 = 0 . x0 = 0. :

(h) = f( 0 +h) f( 0 ) = ( 0 +h) - 0 =h . C, = = . , , .

7. f(x) = | | = x0 = 0: (h) = f( 0 +h) f( 0 ) = |0+ h | - |0| = | h |. :

= = 1; = = -1. , , .. .

 

1.2. ,

. 0, 0 ,

1)

2) , (h)

0 :

(h) = h + o(h). (1)

(h) = f(x0+h) f(x0), (1) :

f(x0+h) = f(x0) + h + o(h) (2) ; h = x x0. x = x0 + +h (2) :

f(x) = f(x0) + (x x0) + o(x x0) = x+B+ o(x x0), B = f(x0) - x0. , f f(x) = x+B+ o(x x0), . : x0 f(x) l(x) = Ax+B. - , f(x), , l(x) = Ax+B.

1. ( ) , f 0, 0 , , .

. (1).

= =

, .

. = . h, , .. α(h):

 

h (h) = h + h α (h). = , α(h)→ 0 h → 0. : , .. h α (h) = o(h). , (h) (1), = , 0.

1. 0, (1) , , = .

.

2. , 0, h,

(h) = h + h α (h), (3) α (h) , : α(h)→ 0 h → 0 α(0)= 0.

(3) .

, 2,3 4 0 ; 1 . f(x) = , μ , 0 , 0 ≠0, - (. 5 ). f(x) = f(x) = | | 0 = 0, , (. 5 7).

2. ( )

, .

f 0. (1), : (h) → 0 h → 0. (. 1, . 5.1) f 0 .

. 2 . : , , . , f(x) = | | 0 = 0, (. 7).

 

1.3. ,

3. ( ) f g 0. :

1. F =f+g a 0 ,

2. F =f g a 0 ,

3. , F = a 0 ,

.

f g 0, (. (2)):

f(x0+h) = f(x0) + h + o(h);

g(x0+h) = g(x0) + h + o(h). (4)

1. F =f+g. (4), :

= h + o(h), = . , F 0, =

2. F =f g. (4), :

= h + o(h), = + , F 0,

3. , F = . g , 0. (.1. .5.1) , . , F . :

= , , (h) = h + o(h). :

(h) = (4), :

:

(h) = .

: α(h) = . , α(h)→ 0 h → 0 α(h). :

(h) = (1 + α(h)) h + o(h) = Ah + (h) + o(h)). α(h) h = o(h) o(h)+ o(h)= o(h), (h) = Ah + o(h).

, F = . ◄

8. f(x)= sinx, g(x) = cosx, F(x) = 3) , 0, 0 , n , :

= F(x) = 0, 0 , n , : =

4. ( ) f 0, g 0, 0 = f(x0). 0, . .

f g , 0 0 . (. 1, .5.2) 0.

h , 0+ h . :

. f(x0+h) = y0 + ; .. .

(3) , α(Δ) , α(Δ) → 0 Δ → 0 α (0) = 0. f , h + o(h). , :

=

= = , . , . :

. : , . , - , . α(Δ) → 0 Δ → 0 (. ), , α(Δ) → 0 . , ; , , .. .

, = h + o(h), = , , . ◄

5. ( ) f , . f 0, , 0, 0 = f(0), .

► (. 1, .5.5) (, d), 0 = f(0) . , 0 + (, d). : . 0 = f(0), , g(y0) = = x0. , g(y0+ ) = g(y0) + = x0 + . g(y0+ ) = = x0 + : y0+ =f(x0 + ), = f(x0 + ) 0 = f(x0 + ) -- f(0). , . ≠ 0, g , , :

. . , , (. ). , . , = , .. . ◄

9. f(x) = a , a> 0, a ≠ 1. , (. 2) - . - y0 = a , . 0 , 0 - .

10. f(x) = sinx. , cos . , g(y) = arcsiny y0 = = sinx0, a . - , y0 - (-1,1).

11. f(x) = tgx. , . , g(y) = arctgy y0 = tgx0, a . - , y0 - .

 

1.4.

f () = (α, β), α < < β, . = f(x0 +h) f(x0) h, h, + h (α, β), .. h = (α - , β - ); h Δ . (1) , , , 0, , h (: = ) (. 1, .). = 0, .

. f h, h , 0: .

df df(h):

df(h) h. (1) : h = (α - , β - )

= df(h) + (h) (5)

, df(h) - . , h df(h) = 0, .. . h, (. (5)); , df(h). , , .

12. . f(x)= = , 0 = 8, h = 0,12. = f(x0+h), f(x0) = 2. : (h) = f(x0+h) f(x0); f(x0+h) = = f(x0) + (h) ≈ f(x0) + df(h). , h = 0,12, : 2 + + df (0,12). df(h) 0 = 8 h = 0,12. : = , = , , df(h)= h = h =. 0,12 : 2 + df( 0,12 ) = 2 + 0,12 = 2 + 0,01 = 2,01.





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