3
. .
, , -. . - - - . - - . - [H20,Zn0 - =0] [O-2 H2O-2,O+2F2.\H+ Ca+2H-2.] =0[H+N+5O-23].
- [Me-neMe+n] Me- -.
- -. [Ae+n+neAe] Ae- -
- 1.,2H2 ,3.-. . ..[ H2S,NH3]4. - ()[HCl,HBr]5. CaH2
- 1.- - [H2SO4,HNO3]2. - -,Cl2,Br2,O2 3. - . [Fe+6,KMnO4,Ti+4]
- . , , - . -- . , - , .<-- !!!
2. -. . - -. 8Al0(-)+3HN+5O3(-)+5KOH8K[Al+3(OH)4]+3N-3H3 - 8 | | Al-3eAl+3 - . 3 |24| N+5+8eN+3 - -, H20 . - - -. φ. φ- - - - . M(-)=M(-)/z [ / - -.] M(-)=M(-)/z [ / -.] [M(HNO3)= M(HNO3)/8 /] m(-)/M(-)= m(-)/M(-)| C(-)ν(-)= C(-)ν(-)|
- .
, . , , , . , . , , , - . ΔG=-Am=-nFε F- =96500/ ε=(φ--φ-) - φ->φ- ΔrG=-nF(φ--φ-)=> ΔrG=-2.3RTlg10 |(φ--φ-)=2.3RT K=nF(φ--φ-)/2.3RT=10^n(φ--φ-)/0.059- - - R=8.31/,F=96500/
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4. , , . - /n+- Men++ne Men++x(H2O)=Men+(H2O)x Men++x(H2O)=Men+(H2O)x+ne Zn+u+2-=Cu+Zn+2- Kc=[Zn+2]/[Cu+2]=1037 ZnZn+2-+2e Kc=1019 u+2-+2e Cu Kc=1018 - - - .=> , - , - - . - . . - φH+/1/2H2=0. - 1 CMen+=1/. 1 -. 2. . - , .Me|Men+- φH+/1/2H2=0