1
298 : 1) = const; 2) V = const. .
4NO () + 6H2O () = 4NH3 () + 5O2 ()
1. , .
2. : , , .
3.
ΔH0 r,298 = ΣνiΔH0298, f () ΣνiΔH0298, f ()
ΔH0 r,298 ;
ΣνiΔH0298, f (), ΣνiΔH0298, f () ;
νi .
4.
ΔH0 r,298 = (4Δ0298, f ( ) + 5Δ0298, f ( )) (4Δ0298, f ( ) + 6Δ0298, f ( ))
5. :
ΔH0298, f, / | |
NH3 () O2 () | 46,19 |
NO () H2O () | 90,37 285,84 |
ΔH0 r,298 = (4×( 46,19) + 5×0) (4×90,37 + 6× (285,84)) =
= 184,76 (361,48 1715,04) = 184,76 (1353,56) = 1168,8 .
6. ΔH0 r,298 QV = ΔU.
, P = const = const ΔH0 r,298 ΔU
ΔH0 r,298 = Qp = ΔU +PΔV =ΔU + (PV2 PV1) =ΔU + (n2RT n1RT) = ΔU + ΔnRT
ΔH0 r,298 = ΔU + ΔnRT (3.1.2),
Δn
Δn = Σn () Σn (),
ΔU
ΔU = ΔH0 r,298 ΔnRT
Δn = (4 + 5) 4 = 5 .
7. ΔnRT:
.
1168,8 .
ΔU=1168,8×103 5×8,314×298 =1168800 12387,86 = 1156412,14 = 1156,4
: ΔH0 r,298 = 1168,8 ; ΔU = 1156,4 .
2
:
|
|
4() + 2SO2() = S2() + 4CO2()
1. , = const 500 , , :
2. 1 :
Δ0298, f, / | , /× 0=f(T) | |||||
a | b×103 | c×105 | c×106 | |||
S2() | 129,1 | 36,11 | 1,09 | 3,52 | 273 2000 | |
CO2() | 393,51 | 44,14 | 9,04 | 8,53 | 298 2500 | |
() | 110,5 | 28,41 | 4,10 | 0,46 | 298 2500 | |
SO2() | 296,9 | 42,55 | 12,55 | 5,65 | 298 1800 |
3. :
ΔH0 r,298 = (1×Δ0298, f ( ) + 4×Δ0298, f ( )) (4×Δ0298, f ( ) + 2×Δ0298, f ( ))
ΔH0 r,298 = (1 × 129,1 + 4 × ( 393,51)) (4 × ( 110,5) + 2 × ( 296,9)) =
= (129,1 1574,04) (( 442) 593,8) = 1573,04 + 1035,8 =
= 537,24
4. Δ, Δb, Δc, Δc', , :
Δ = Σni×ai() Σni×ai () = (1 × 36,11 + 4 ×44,14) (4 × 28,41 + 2 × 42,55) =
= (36,11 + 176,56) (113,64 + 85,1) = 13,93 /
Δb = Σni×bi() Σni×bi () = [(1 × 1,09 + 4 × 9,04) (4 × 4,10 + 2 × 12,55)]×103 =
= [(1,09 + 36,16) (16,4 + 25,1)] × 103 = 4,25× 103 /
Δ = 0 ( )
Δ' = Σni× 'i() Σni× 'i() =
= [(1 × ( 3,52) + 4 ×( 8,53)) (4 × ( 0,56) + 2 ×( 5,65))] × 105 = [(3,52 34,12)
( 2,24 11,3)]× 105 = [37,65 + 13,54]× 105 = 24,11 × 105 /
5. Δ, Δb, Δc, Δc' 500 .
: , ΔH0 r,298 103 .
ΔH0 r,500 , , .
6. , Qp Qv 1.2 ( 6 1).
Qp Qv = ΔnRT
ΔH0 r,298 ΔU = ΔnRT
Δn Δn = Σn () Σn ().
Δn = (1+4) (4+2) = 1
Qp Qv = ΔH0 r,500 ΔU = 1×8,314 ×500 = 4157 = 4,16 .
: ΔH0 r,500 = 536,94 . Qp Qv = 4,16 .
3
CO() + 3H2() = CH4() + H2O ()
298 1500 . .
1. , :
|
|
ΔH0298, f / | S0 298, f / | 0 298, / | Cp= f (T) | |||||
b10 3 | 10 6 | '10 -5 | ||||||
4() | 74,85 | 186,19 | 35,79 | 17,45 | 60,46 | 1,117 | - | 298-1500 |
H2O () | 241,84 | 188,74 | 33,56 | 30,00 | 10,71 | 0,33 | 298-2500 | |
() | 110,5 | 197,4 | 29,15 | 28,41 | 4,10 | 0,46 | 298-2500 | |
2() | 130,6 | 28,83 | 27,28 | 3,26 | - | 0,502 | 298-3000 |
2. :
ΔH0 r,298.= ΣνiΔH0298, f() ΣνiΔH0298, f()
ΔH0 r,298.= (1×(74,85) +1×(241,84)) (1×(110,5) + 3×0) = 206,19 =
= 206190 . ΔH0 r,298<0, .
3. , . , . , .
, :
ΔS0 r, 298.=ΣνiS0298, f () ΣνiS0298, f ()
ΔS0 r, 298.= (1×186,19 + 1×188,74) (1×197,4 + 3×130,6) = 374,93 589,2
ΔS0 r, 298.= 214,27 /
4. - ( ) :
ΔG0 r, 298= ΔH0 r,298 T×ΔS0 r,298 = 206190 . 298 ×(214,27) /
ΔG0r, 298= 206190 + 63852,46 = 142337,5 = 142,34
ΔG0r, 500= 206190 + 107135 = 99,055
, ΔG0r, 298<0, ΔG0r, 500<0
4. = 298 = 500 .
ΔG0t= RTln
1n= (ΔG0t /RT);
1n (298) = (214,39×103)/(8,31×298) = 86,5 (298) = 3,8×1037
1n (500) = (99,055×103)/(8,31×500) = 23,82 (500) = 2,21×1010
. = 298 = 500 , , . , .
: ΔH0 r,298 = 206,19 ; ΔS0 r, 298.= 214,27 /; ΔG0r, 298 = 142,34
ΔG0r, 500 = 99,055 ; (298) = 3,8×1037 ; (500) = 2,21×1010
.
1
298 : 1) = const; 2) V = const. .
1
2H2 + CO = CH3OH() | SO2 + Cl2 = SOCl2 | ||
4HCl + O2 = 2H2O() + 2Cl2 | CO + 3H2 = CH4 + H2O() | ||
NH4Cl() = NH3 + HCl | 2CO + SO2 = S + 2CO2 | ||
2N2 + 6H2O()=4NH3 + 3O2 | CO + Cl2 = COCl2() | ||
4 NO +6H2O()= 4NH3 + 5O2 | CO2 + H2 = CO + H2O() | ||
2N2 = 2NO+ O2 | CO2 + 4H2 = CH4 + 2H2O() | ||
N24 = 2N2 | 2CO2 = 2CO + O2 | ||
g(oH)2= go+ H2O() | CH4 + CO2 = 2CO + 2H2 | ||
aCO3=CaO+CO2 | C2H6 = C2H4 + H2 | ||
Ca(oH)2 = Cao+ H2O() | C2H5OH() = C2H4 + H2O() | ||
S+H2O()=SO2+2H2 | CH3CHO() + H2 = C2H5OH() | ||
S+2CO2 =SO2+2CO | C6H6()+ 3H2 = C6H12 | ||
2SO2+O2 =2SO3 |
|
|
2
:
2
1, | ||
2SO2+O2 =2SO3() | ||
4CO + 2SO2 = S2 () + 4CO2 | ||
CO + 3H2 = CH4 + H2O() | ||
SO2 + Cl2 = SOCl2() | ||
CO + Cl2 = COCl2() | ||
CO2 + H2 = CO + H2O() | ||
CO2 + 4H2 = CH4 + 2H2O() | ||
2CO2 = 2CO + O2 | ||
CH4 + CO2 = 2CO + 2H2 | ||
C2H6 = C2H4 + H2 | ||
C2H5OH() = C2H4 + H2O() | ||
CH3CHO() + H2 = C2H5OH() | ||
() + 22() = 3() | ||
41 + 2 = 22() + 2l2 | ||
NH4Cl() = NH3 + HCl | ||
2N2 + 62() = 4N3 + 3O2 | ||
4NO + 6H2O() = 4NH3 + 5O2 | ||
2NO2 = 2NO + O2 | ||
Mg(OH)2 = MgO + H2O | ||
aCO3=CaO+CO2 | ||
N24 = 2N2 | ||
Ca(oH)2 = Cao+ H2O() | ||
S2()+H2O()=SO2+2H2 | ||
S()+2CO2 =SO2+2CO | ||
NH4Cl() = NH3 + HCl |
3
1500 . .
3
() + 22() = 3() | |
CO + 3H2 = CH4 + H2O() | |
2N2 + 62() = 4N3 + 3O2 | |
NH4Cl() = NH3 + HCl | |
aCO3=CaO+CO2 | |
N24 = 2N2 | |
Ca(oH)2 = Cao+ H2O() | |
4NO + 6H2O() = 4NH3 + 5O2 | |
2NO2 = 2NO + O2 | |
Mg(OH)2 = MgO + H2O | |
S2()+H2O()=SO2+2H2 | |
S()+2CO2 =SO2+2CO | |
2SO2+O2 =2SO3() | |
SO2 + Cl2 = SOCl2() | |
41 + 2 = 22() + 2l2 | |
4CO + 2SO2 = S2 () + 4CO2 | |
CO + Cl2 = COCl2() | |
CO2 + H2 = CO + H2O() | |
CO2 + 4H2 = CH4 + 2H2O() | |
2CO2 = 2CO + O2 | |
CH4 + CO2 = 2CO + 2H2 | |
C2H6 = C2H4 + H2 | |
C2H5OH() = C2H4 + H2O() | |
CH3CHO() + H2 = C2H5OH() | |
C6H6()+ 3H2 = C6H12 |