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FAQ

12 ⇒



13. AltLinux

. : , , ..

-. .

⁠1.2.

, :

  • ;
  • ;
  • ( );
  • ;
  • Grub;
  • (root);
  • , .

. .

⁠1.3.

:

  • Xfce → → ;
  • : acc.

(root).

.

⁠2.

⁠2.1. NetworkManager

NetworkManager : , , , VPN DSL, . , - -, .

⁠2.1.1. NetworkManager

NetworkManager.

NetworkManager, , Wi-Fi . Wi-Fi .

NetworkManager, , . , , (, Wi-Fi , ).

, NetworkManager .

⁠3.

, , .

⁠3.1.

→ . root OK. . .

, system-config-printer.

, , /etc/init.d/cups restart root. .

. , . , .

, . : , PDD- .

.

, , , .

.

. , , , : , , .

, , → .

⁠4.

AltLinux, , . , . , .

/ (), / . , , .

⁠ Synaptic.

, .

⁠4.1.2.

: → . , . :
  • ;
  • .

, .

. .

⁠4.1.3. Synaptic

Synaptic → → .

, . :

  • ;
  • .

. , .

⁠4.2.

⁠4.2.1.

, , ( → ). . , ftp://ftp.altlinux.org/. , .

: : → .

⁠4.2.2. Synaptic

Synaptic , . → OK. , , ftp://ftp.altlinux.org/. , .

: Synaptic: → x.

. , .

.

 

⁠5.

Linux : , , , .. . , , . . ( ).

, , Linux (, , rpm). . , . : . : , , .

, , , , A, B. , A B A B .

. , .. , .

. , A B C 1.0. A, C (, 2.0, ), B.

. , , .. .

APT ( . Advanced Packaging Tool). . .

APT : , . APT , , , , .

APT . apt-get. : , .

⁠5.1 ()

, APT, . . , , APT .

APT , . APT , . APT .

, .. . , , (Sisyphus) .

APT . HTTP FTP.

APT , /etc/apt/sources.list, .list (, mysources. list) /etc/apt/sources.list.d/. :

rpm [] :

rpm-src [] :

:

  • rpm rpm-src ( );
  • [] - . , . /etc/apt/vendor.list;
  • : ftp, http, file, rsh, ssh, cdrom, copy;
  • ;
  • ;
  • .

sources.list - APT apt-cdrom. -, apt-cdrom add. sources.list :

rpm cdrom:[ALT Linux 7.0.0 Centaurus (Pholus) x86_64]/ ALTLinux main

sources.list, APT . apt-get update.

sources.list , (, ), APT, apt-get update. : , .

APT . , , , - , APT . , , ( #) /etc/apt/sources.list, .

⁠5.2. ALT Linux

ALT Linux Sisyphus ALT Linux Team (http://www.altlinux.org/ALT_Linux_Team.org). Sisyphus . Sisyphus , , . .

Sisyphus, , , .

ALT Linux /etc/apt/sources.list, /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list :

  • ;
  • -, .

⁠5.3.

Apt-repo

apt-repo. . .

apt-repo list.

apt-repo add .

apt-repo rm .

apt-repo update.

man apt-repo apt-repo --help.

⁠5.3.2.

/etc/apt/sources.list.d/. . alt. list :

# ftp.altlinux.org (ALT Linux, Moscow)

 

# ALT Linux Platform 7

#rpm [p7] ftp://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/distributions/ALTLinux/p7/branch x86_64 classic

#rpm [p7] ftp://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/distributions/ALTLinux/p7/branch x86_64-i586 classic

#rpm [p7] ftp://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/distributions/ALTLinux/p7/branch noarch classic

 

rpm [p7] http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/distributions/ALTLinux/p7/branch x86_64 classic

rpm [p7] http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/distributions/ALTLinux/p7/branch x86_64-i586 classic

rpm [p7] http://ftp.altlinux.org/pub/distributions/ALTLinux/p7/branch noarch classic

, . , 3 . . , . , .

: apt-get update apt-repo update. .

 

⁠5.4

, apt-cache. , .

apt-cache search , . :

$ apt-cache search dictionary

stardict-wn - GCIDE - The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

firefox-ru - Russian (RU) Language Pack for Firefox

gnome-dictionary-applet - GNOME panel applet for gnome-dictionary

gnome-utils - Utilities for the GNOME 2.0 desktop

libgdict - GNOME Dictionary Library.

stardict-mueller7 - V.K. Mueller English-Russian Dictionary, 7 Edition: stardict format

stardict-slovnyk_be-en - Dictionary: Slovnyk Belarusian-English

stardict-slovnyk_be-ru - Dictionary: Slovnyk Belarusian-Russian

stardict-slovnyk_be-uk - Dictionary: Slovnyk Belarusian-Ukrainian

stardict-slovnyk_cs-ru - Dictionary: Slovnyk Czech-Russian

stardict-slovnyk_en-be - Dictionary: Slovnyk English-Belarusian

stardict-slovnyk_en-ru - Dictionary: Slovnyk English-Russian

stardict-slovnyk_en-uk - Dictionary: Slovnyk English-Ukrainian

stardict-slovnyk_es-ru - Dictionary: Slovnyk Spanish-Russian

stardict-slovnyk_ru-be - Dictionary: Slovnyk Russian-Belarusian

stardict-slovnyk_ru-cs - Dictionary: Slovnyk Russian-Czech

stardict-slovnyk_ru-en - Dictionary: Slovnyk Russian-English

stardict-slovnyk_ru-es - Dictionary: Slovnyk Russian-Spanish

stardict-slovnyk_ru-uk - Dictionary: Slovnyk Russian-Ukrainian

stardict-slovnyk_uk-be - Dictionary: Slovnyk Ukrainian-Belarusian

stardict-slovnyk_uk-en - Dictionary: Slovnyk Ukrainian-English

stardict-slovnyk_uk-ru - Dictionary: Slovnyk Ukrainian-Russian

words - A dictionary of English words for the /usr/share/dict directory

, apt-cache show:

$ apt-cache show stardict-mueller7

Package: stardict-mueller7

Section: Text tools

Installed Size: 3095255

Maintainer: Anton V. Boyarshinov <[email protected]>

Version: 1.0-alt7

Pre-Depends: rpmlib(PayloadIsLzma)

Depends: stardict (>= 2.4.2)

Provides: stardict-mueller7 (= 1.0-alt7)

Architecture: noarch

Size: 3135276

MD5Sum: ea95c67ca323350b454fbc26533c3548

Filename: stardict-mueller7-1.0-alt7.noarch.rpm

Description: V.K. Mueller English-Russian Dictionary, 7 Edition: stardict format

Electronic version of V.K. Mueller English-Russian Dictionary, 7 Edition

in stardict format. You can use it with stardict client.

apt-cache . , . , , .

⁠5.5

APT # apt-get install _.

.

apt-get , , . , . apt-get , .

stardict-mueller7 apt-get install stardict-mueller7 APT:

# apt-get install stardict-mueller7

...

...

:

stardict-mueller7

0 , 1 , 0 0 .

0B/3135kB .

3095kB .

...

Preparing... ####################### [100%]

1: stardict-mueller7 ####################### [100%]

Running /usr/lib/rpm/posttrans-filetriggers

.

apt-get install _ . apt-get , , , .

APT rpm- , (, ). apt-get install ///.rpm. APT .

APT , apt-get , . , -f, apt-get , . , apt-get. .

⁠5.6

apt-get remove _. , , . , , apt-get .

.

apt-get , :

# apt-get remove filesystem

...

...

:

...

:

. !

...

0 , 0 , 2648 0 .

0B .

8994MB .

!

'Yes, do as I say!' .

, APT , . , , .

⁠5.7

apt-get dist-upgrade. , , /etc/apt/sources.list, .

APT , , . , ( ) , apt-get, APT .

⁠6. Linux

⁠6.1.

, , . , . , . , ( ), ( ) ( ).

Linux , syslogd. ( ) syslogd . , (facility) (priority) . , , . : , , . , , , , (, daemon ).

syslogd (.. log-). , . syslogd /var/log/ . , /var/log/messages, /var/log/maillog /var/log/dmesg, , , . syslogd . ALT Linux 12- , Alt + F12 Alt + Ctrl + F12. , (, WWW- apache) , syslogd, , (, /var/log/).

, , , , , . , . Linux , logrotate. , logrotate , . (, ) .

. , , , /var/log/syslog/alert, logrotate alert.1.bz2 ( ) alert.5.bz2 ( ). alert bzip2 . alert.4.bz2 alert.5.bz2 ( ), 3 , , . , alert.1.bz2, . , .

/var/log/ , . last, , w who.

(ps, top, vmstat), (du, df, lsof) (netstat).

⁠6.2

⁠6.2.1.

. , .

, , .

, , , , . , , . UNIX , .

⁠6.2.1.1.

, , . : .

  , , , (-).

  , . Linux . , UNIX, .

  , . ( ) .

⁠6.2.1.2.

Linux, , DOS Windows(), .   , root () /.   . ,   . , CD-ROM /media/cdrom ( /, \, DOS/Windows). ./.

:

  • /bin   (shell), ;
  • /boot   ;
  • /dev   , ;
  • /etc   ;
  • /home   ;
  • /lib   , ;
  • /media   ;
  • /mnt    ;
  • /proc   , ;
  • /root   ;
  • /sbin   ;
  • /sys   , ;
  • /usr   , ;
  • /var   , , ;
  • /tmp   .

⁠6.1.3.

. ( ) , , .

, , .

()   , , (). , . , , ( ).

(/). . :

  • . , ;
  • (_);
  • (.).

. , shell.

⁠6.1.4.

/:

  • /boot  , , ;
  • /lib  , , , ;
  • /bin   , ;
  • /sbin   (, );
  • /home  , ;
  • /etc   ;
  • /etc/rc?. d, /etc/init.d, /etc/rc.boot, /etc/rc.d  , , ;
  • /etc/passwd   , , , , ;
  • /etc/shadow   . /etc/passwd /etc/shadow, , root. (TCB), /etc/tcb/ /shadow;
  • /dev   . /dev udev;
  • /usr   /usr , . /usr . .
  • /tmp   , .
  • /proc   /proc , . . /proc .

/usr :

  • /usr/bin   , /bin /usr/local/bin;
  • /usr/sbin  , root;
  • /usr/local  , , , , ;
  • /usr/man  , man;
  • /usr/share   .

/var:

  • /var/log  , ;
  • /var/spool   , ( , ..).

⁠6.1.5.

/dev (   ). ( IDE/SATA/SCSI , USB-) :

  • /dev/sda   ;
  • /dev/sdb   ;
  • ..

/dev/sd X, X   a, b, c, d, e, .

. , /dev/sdb4   .

⁠6.1.6. ,

() : ( , /) (swap). , , . , /usr, /home, /var.

⁠6.1.7.

mkfs   . -, . , ext4 mkfs.ext4.

fsck   , , .

df   . , df ( ), . , df , , , .

du   , . , . , du .

:

  • mount  ;
  • umount  ;
  • find  ;
  • which  , ;
  • cd  /;
  • pwd  /;
  • mkdir  ;
  • ls  ;
  • cp  ;
  • mv  / ;
  • cat  ;
  • more  ;
  • ln  ( ) ;
  • file  ;
  • chmod  ;
  • chown  ( ) ;
  • umask  ;
  • chattr  ;
  • lsattr  .

12 ⇒


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